Text Mode – Text version of the exam 1) In the small but bustling neighborhood pharmacy, pharmacist Jane is counseling a middle-aged man recently prescribed a bronchodilator for his asthma symptoms. As she outlines the possible side effects of the medication, she emphasizes that one of the following is not typically associated with bronchodilator use: A. Shaking or trembling (tremor). 2) Late in the evening, Susan, a dedicated nurse, meets her neighbor Linda in their apartment complex. Linda, who has been diagnosed with asthma, anxiously asks for advice on managing her condition. Pondering the best advice, Susan thinks of the following actions. Which one should Linda adopt for her asthma management? A. Disregard dietary control. 3) In the bustling pediatric ward, Nurse Ben finds himself frequently treating a certain health issue. Out of curiosity, he decides to look up the prevalence of this condition in various age groups. In which demographic is asthma most commonly diagnosed? A. Children 4) Nurse Ava is preparing medication for her patient who has a history of asthma. She remembers that some medications can potentially trigger asthma symptoms and is double-checking her patient’s prescription. Which of the following medications is not associated with causing asthma? A. The anticholinergic agent, Atropine. 5) In the middle of a bustling hospital, a patient suddenly arrives at the emergency department, showing severe signs of a respiratory issue. As a nurse, you need to identify the situation quickly. Given the following respiratory disorders, which one would you unequivocally recognize as a medical emergency, demanding immediate intervention? A. An intense bout of Asthma. 6) In the midst of an ongoing evaluation in the pulmonology department, a nurse is asked to perform a reversibility test. The intent is to understand the patient’s lung function better and measure the extent of bronchodilation that can be achieved. Among the options below, which bronchodilator would you primarily use in this scenario? A. The anticholinergic Atropine. 7) Imagine a woman with a slight weight problem, a background of allergy-triggered asthma, high blood pressure, and an issue with her mitral valve, presenting herself for a planned surgical procedure in a hospital. As a nurse, you meticulously collect her health history and perform an exhaustive physical examination, focusing particularly on her heart and lung systems. During the percussion of the patient’s chest wall, what kind of sound would you anticipate to hear? A. Muted, flat-like sounds. 8) You’re a pediatric nurse, and a young patient comes in for a routine immunization. Prior to administering the vaccine, you’re aware that certain conditions could pose a risk. Which of the following circumstances would you be most concerned about before giving the child the immunization? A. Mild sniffles or a slight cough. 9) It’s a typical weekday at your nursing station when the school calls regarding a 9-year-old boy, Teddy, who they believe might be showing signs of a health issue. They provide the following list of symptoms that Teddy has been exhibiting: persistent coughing, audibly wheezing when exhaling, a feeling of constriction in his chest, labored breathing, and restless sleep due to breathlessness. A. These symptoms collectively indicate a likely diagnosis of asthma. 10) A patient with frequent bouts of wheezing, shortness of breath, and tightness in their chest coming to you, a healthcare provider, for assistance. You identify these symptoms as being characteristic of a particular respiratory condition. Which of the following best describes the fundamental nature of asthma? A. A condition triggered by the body’s immune system attacking its own cells. 11. In the bustling heart of a city hospital, Nurse Maya diligently educates a patient with asthma about the proper use of a peak flow meter. This small but powerful device can be a lifeline in managing her condition, alerting her to changes in her respiratory status and guiding her actions. What will be a clear sign that the patient has fully understood Nurse Maya’s instruction? A. The patient plans to use montelukast when the meter readings fall into the red zone. 12) You’re in a health education session, where a curious patient asks you to explain a certain condition that involves recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. How would you best describe asthma? A. A persistent condition affecting the respiratory system. 13) As a nurse in a busy urban clinic, you are addressing a patient who complains of frequent asthma attacks at home. Upon inquiry, she mentions a recent cockroach infestation. She wonders if the presence of these insects could possibly aggravate her condition. A. Yes, cockroaches may indeed act as a catalyst for asthma attacks. 14) You’re advising a patient with asthma on how to minimize potential triggers in their environment. Dust and dust mites are known to exacerbate their symptoms. Which of the following recommendations would you provide to reduce their exposure and thus lower the chances of an asthma flare-up? A. Regularly wipe down furniture using a damp cloth and ensure it dries properly. 15) As a nurse, you are counseling a patient who has just been diagnosed with asthma. The patient expresses concerns about starting a course of inhaled steroids as a preventer or controller due to fear of significant side effects. The prescribed dosages fall within the standard recommendation. How would you address this worry? A. Yes, inhaled steroids, even at recommended dosages, may result in major side effects. 16) In the midst of a medical discussion, you, a knowledgeable nurse, are asked about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its associated conditions. Among the options given, which one would you not categorize as a disease related to COPD? A. Lower-than-normal pressure in the bronchial airways, known as Bronchial hypotension. 17) You are in the Emergency Department when a 19-year-old patient arrives, showing signs of an acute asthma attack. His breaths are coming in at a rapid rate of 44 per minute, and it’s evident he’s in severe respiratory distress. What is the immediate step you should take in managing this patient? A. Administer a bronchodilator via a nebulizer. 18) A patient comes to you, displaying certain signs and symptoms, and you suspect they might have asthma. Which of the following would you consider as a genuine symptom indicative of this respiratory condition? A. Experiencing constant tiredness and lack of energy. 19) You’re a nurse performing a spirometry test on a patient to evaluate their lung function. You’re specifically interested in assessing the reversibility in airflow obstruction. Which of the following parameters would you primarily rely on for this determination? A. The Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1) 20. The on-call nurse, Laura, has just received a new patient, a ten-year-old boy with severe asthma. He’s wheezing, his breaths are rapid, and his oxygen levels are dropping. Laura has seen acute asthma exacerbations before but this one looks serious. In this case, she needs to recall the most crucial information from her recent training about handling such conditions. What would that key piece of knowledge be? A. The steroid drug, Methylprednisolone, is reserved solely for instances of respiratory arrest. 21) Marianne is a long-term asthma patient. Despite religiously adhering to her prescribed medication regimen, she continues to experience persistent symptoms. These symptoms are notably worse at night, leading to frequent sleep disruptions. Given these circumstances, would you think about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as a potential contributing factor to her poorly managed asthma? A. Absolutely, it’s a plausible consideration. 22) Liam, an active teenager with a passion for soccer, has recently been diagnosed with asthma. He’s worried that his diagnosis might mean the end of his sports pursuits. Is it accurate to say that having asthma prevents participation in physical activities? A. Yes, asthma sufferers should avoid all physical activities. 23) Tommy, a seven-year-old boy, has recently been diagnosed with asthma. His family is trying to adapt to this new situation and make the necessary changes for Tommy’s well-being. However, one of their statements about managing Tommy’s asthma suggests they might benefit from further education. Which statement is that? A. “We’ll encourage him to drink more fluids frequently to help make his respiratory secretions less thick.” 24) You are a nurse and have just admitted Emma, a 10-year-old girl, to the emergency room due to a sudden asthma attack. To gauge the severity of her condition, you plan to assess various factors. However, one of the following is not useful in determining the severity of Emma’s acute asthma attack. Which one is it? A. Emma’s ability to finish sentences. 25) Greg, a newly diagnosed asthmatic, is learning to use his inhaler. He wonders if mastering the correct inhalation technique will ensure that the medication reaches his lung airways effectively. Is Greg’s assumption correct? A. Yes, a proper inhalation technique ensures effective medication delivery to the lung airways. 26) Liza’s close friend, Robert, has recently been diagnosed with asthma. She’s been reading up about the condition to better understand what Robert is experiencing. She believes that symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing. Is Liza’s understanding correct? A. Yes, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing are indeed symptoms of asthma. 27) Susan, a Caucasian woman with a history of bronchial asthma, exogenous obesity, and iron deficiency anemia, has been admitted to the hospital following a stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA). Looking at Susan’s medical history, which aspect could have increased her risk for a CVA? A. Her ethnicity as a Caucasian. 28) Peter, an asthmatic, is attending a friend’s outdoor garden party. He loves pets and his friend’s dog is running around the garden. As the pollen from the garden’s plants fills the air, he also strokes the furry dog. Could such allergens as pollen and animal fur trigger his asthma? A. Yes, allergens such as pollen and animal fur can indeed trigger asthma. 29) Anna Smith, a patient with asthma, is currently being treated with bronchodilators. As her nurse, you have to vigilantly monitor certain side effects related to the medication she’s taking. Which of the following sets of symptoms should you be particularly attentive to? A. Impaired vision, accelerated heart rate, high blood pressure, headaches, sleeplessness, and decreased urine output. 30) Let’s consider a teenager, Alex, who’s been recently diagnosed with allergic asthma. Certain symptoms and triggers align with his diagnosis, but one of the following statements doesn’t accurately characterize his allergic asthma. Which one is it? A. Alex’s asthma is provoked by specific allergens, such as dust mites and pollen. 31) Jane, a pulmonologist, is preparing to perform a bronchoprovocation test on a patient to evaluate their airway responsiveness. While histamine is often used for this purpose, she is considering an alternative agent to challenge the airways. Which of the following could she potentially use instead of histamine? A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 32) Jessa, a young girl recently diagnosed with asthma, is ready for discharge from the hospital after recovering from a severe episode of status asthmaticus. As part of the discharge process, Jessa and her family need to receive specific education. Which of the following points should this teaching emphasize? A. The restrictions in sports activities imposed by her asthma condition. 33) Benjamin, a patient who has been experiencing persistent coughing and wheezing for over a year, comes to see you. Given the length of time that Benjamin has been exhibiting these symptoms, would you completely discount the possibility of a foreign object lodged in his airway? A. Yes, the idea of a foreign object causing these symptoms can be ruled out since they’ve persisted for over a year. 34) Claire, a mother concerned about her daughter, is trying to understand the risk factors associated with the development of asthma. She’s found several potential risk factors, but one of them isn’t correct. Which one doesn’t increase the risk of developing asthma? A. Having parents with a history of asthma. 35) Two-year-old Lily, who has recently been diagnosed with acute asthma, is under your care as a nurse. You’re planning a healthy snack for her. Considering her condition, which of the following would be the best snack option for her? A. Slices of apple. 36) Sam, a curious teenager, is researching asthma for a school project. He comes across a statement claiming that asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways in the lungs. Is this statement accurate? A. Yes, asthma is indeed caused by inflammation of the airways in the lungs. 37) George, a middle-aged man with asthma, is trying to understand what triggers his asthma attacks. He knows it’s vital to avoid these triggers to manage his condition better. Which of the following could potentially provoke an asthma attack? A. Blockage of the airways. 38) Emily, newly diagnosed with asthma, is learning about her medications. She’s trying to distinguish between a ‘preventer’ and a ‘reliever’ in the context of asthma management. Which of the following statements correctly represents the role of these medications? A. A preventer is used to alleviate asthma attacks. 39) Emma, an individual with asthma, has noticed that strong emotional reactions such as crying, laughing hard, or yelling sometimes make her feel short of breath. Could these emotional responses trigger her asthma? A. Yes, strong emotional reactions like crying, laughing hard, or yelling can indeed trigger asthma. 40) As a public health official, Alice is planning a campaign focused on primary prevention of asthma. She has been researching the crucial factors that could help prevent asthma onset. Which of the following options correctly describes these factors? A. Taking medication for related diseases, avoiding sedentary behavior, and avoiding exposure to second-hand smoke. 41) Eman, a 7-year-old boy, is rushed to the emergency department. He’s breathing rapidly (tachypneic) without a fever (afebrile), has a respiratory rate of 36 breaths per minute, and presents with a dry cough. He also had a cold recently. Considering these details, which of the following health conditions might Eman be experiencing? A. Emphysema 42) Nathan, a nursing student, is preparing for an exam on respiratory disorders and is studying asthma. He’s trying to identify the defining features of this condition. However, one of the following isn’t a characteristic of asthma. Which one is it? A. Dynamic collapse of the airways. 43) Austin, a patient experiencing an acute asthma attack, is presenting with wheezing during both inhalation and exhalation, along with a reduced forced expiratory volume. As his healthcare provider, which category of medication should you administer immediately to manage his symptoms? A. Oral corticosteroids 44) Elizabeth, a patient suffering from nocturnal asthma, is trying to understand the pattern of her symptoms better. She’s uncertain about the typical time frame during which nocturnal asthma occurs. When does nocturnal asthma typically manifest? A. Nocturnal asthma is a myth; it doesn’t exist. 45) James, an individual with asthma, is curious about potential triggers for his condition. He comes across a claim that fragrant substances like perfumes and cleaning products can set off an asthma attack. Is this claim accurate? A. Yes, perfumes and cleaning products can indeed trigger an asthma attack. 46) In a parent-teacher meeting at a local school, a proposal is put forward to ban all classroom pets to prevent asthma triggers among the students. Is this a necessary action to prevent potential asthma triggers? A. Yes, all classroom pets should be banned to prevent possible asthma triggers. 47) As part of a health awareness program at a school, there’s a discussion about how personal habits of the staff could impact students with asthma. One point of discussion is whether staff who smoke during their personal time could potentially harm children with asthma. Is this statement accurate? A. Yes, staff who smoke during their personal time cannot harm children with asthma. 48) A child has been rushed to the emergency room experiencing an asthma attack. As the attending nurse, what symptoms and signs should you anticipate in this situation? A. Underinflation of the alveoli leading to poor gas exchange due to increasingly shallow breaths. 49) Jane, a health researcher, is analyzing the prevalence of asthma across different age and gender groups. She finds that two particular groups have the highest rates of asthma. Which two population groups have the greatest prevalence of asthma? A. Boys aged 15-19 years & girls aged 10-14 years. 50) Liam, a newly diagnosed asthmatic, is having a conversation with his healthcare provider about his treatment options. They discuss the two main categories of medications used to manage asthma. What are these two categories? A. Inhalable drugs and orally administered drugs. 51) Olivia, recently diagnosed with asthma, is researching her condition. She reads a statement that says there’s no singular cause for asthma and, as of now, there is no cure for the disease. Is this statement accurate? A. Yes, there’s no single cause for asthma and currently, there’s no cure for the disease. 52) Max, a young boy with asthma, loves outdoor activities but is concerned about possible triggers. He’s trying to understand common outdoor triggers for asthma. Which of the following best describes common outdoor asthma triggers? A. Weather and temperature changes. 53) A 5-year-old African American boy with a history of asthma visits your clinic. He’s not currently on any regular medication but uses his Albuterol Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) with a spacer once every two weeks during daytime. Additionally, he wakes up coughing 2-3 times per week at night. Based on these details, how would you classify his asthma? A. Mild Persistent 54) You are a nurse caring for a hospitalized 6-year-old child. Which piece of information would raise your concern that this child could potentially face a severe exacerbation of asthma? A. The child has a history of asthma requiring steroid medication. 55) As a health professional, you are discussing the distinct features of different types of asthma with your peers. When it comes to persistent asthma, what would you say is its characteristic feature? A. A family history of the disease. 56) As a health educator, you are preparing a presentation about asthma for a school community. You plan to include a statement about the impact of asthma on children nationwide. Which of the following statements is accurate? A. On average, one in every 10 school-aged children has asthma, leading to 10.5 million missed school days each year due to the condition. 57) During one of your nursing shifts, you encounter a young patient, Maddie, a seven-year-old girl who is a frequent visitor to the hospital due to her ongoing battle with asthma. Maddie’s condition got you thinking about the fundamental biological changes that occur in the body during the onset of this respiratory disorder. In this context, which of the following options best describes the main physiological alteration in the progression of asthma? A. Overproduction of unusually thick and sticky lung secretions. 58) Late one evening, the emergency department where you’re working as a nurse gets busy. A patient with asthma, Mr. Johnson, walks in, experiencing severe respiratory distress. Given Mr. Johnson’s darker skin tone, evaluating cyanosis becomes slightly tricky. Where should you as a nurse focus your assessment for cyanosis considering Mr. Johnson’s dark skin? A. The nail beds. 59) As a dedicated nurse on duty, you’re carefully monitoring the condition of Mr. Kim, an asthmatic patient. Initially, you noted low-pitched wheezes in the latter half of his exhalation. However, an hour later, you observe high-pitched wheezes throughout the entire exhalation. Given this change in Mr. Kim’s condition, what does it suggest to you as a nurse? A. There is a reduction in airway obstruction. 60) In a bustling community health center, Nurse Jamie needed a basic tool to roughly gauge the lung function of Mr. Sullivan, an older patient with a history of respiratory issues. Which instrument would Nurse Jamie likely utilize? A. Peak flow meter 61) During a hectic shift at the hospital, Nurse Emma was tending to Kenneth, a patient in the midst of a severe asthma attack. Suddenly, Kenneth’s wheezing ceased and his breath sounds become inaudible. What might be the reason behind this startling development? A. The patient’s airways have become so inflamed that air cannot pass. 62) In the heart of spring, Amelia, a recently graduated nurse, found herself faced with a case that puzzled her. She was treating Matthew, a young boy, who every year, like clockwork, would develop asthmatic symptoms only during the season of blossoms. Amelia wondered, “What could be triggering Matthew’s seasonal asthma?” A. Could it be due to him breathing in the smoke from his father’s cigars? 63) Sam, a seasoned physiotherapist, had a new client, Jasmine, who had recently been diagnosed with asthma. Now, Sam needed to determine the vital part he would play in her asthma management. What was his key responsibility? A. Was it to impart knowledge about the importance of exercise and inform Jasmine about the availability of pulmonary rehabilitation classes? 64) In the midst of a bustling emergency room, a nurse tends to Samantha, a middle-aged woman who’s been experiencing sporadic bouts of shortness of breath, a tight chest, and intermittent coughing. She’s particularly concerned about her wheezing – a novel symptom she hasn’t experienced before. From a healthcare perspective, these symptoms suggest a condition that may be: A. An ongoing inflammatory condition of the respiratory tract, characterized by sporadic episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. 65) In the peaceful quietude of the hospital lab, technician Mike is readying a series of tests for John, a patient presenting with a persistent cough and wheezing. A host of diagnostic procedures lie ahead, each designed to probe for a different aspect of his condition. Which among the following tests, however, won’t be able to reveal any inflammation in John’s airways? A. The analysis of eosinophil levels in the sputum. 66) Late one chilly night, emergency room nurse Clara finds herself rushing to attend to young Oliver, a 7-year-old boy battling an intense asthma attack. His labored breathing sends a stark reminder of a critical fact about the condition he’s struggling against. Does it hold the potential to be life-threatening? A. Yes 67) At a local healthcare clinic, Dr. Amelia studies the charts of a newly diagnosed asthma patient. Through the stethoscope, the telltale signs of the condition whisper clearly into her ears: the wheezing, the struggle of breath against the obstruction. She ponders over the implications of this disease for the patient’s airways. Does asthma cause them to: A. Narrow down or constrict? 68) Emma, an experienced nurse, was called into the emergency department to assist in managing Jacob, a young adult experiencing a severe, acute asthma attack. While helping stabilize Jacob, Emma knew that some diagnostic measures were crucial to rule out other potential issues during such a severe episode. She reflected on the essential need for a chest x-ray to exclude: A. A malignant growth in the lung. 69) In the calm of her office at the local clinic, family nurse practitioner Rachel prepares for her next appointment. She glances at the file of a new patient, Emma, whose medical history indicates asthma. Anticipating the array of symptoms Emma might present, Rachel considers the likelihood of: A. Feeble respiratory effort. 70) In a cozy corner of the pediatric clinic, nurse Miranda sits across from a concerned mother whose 8-year-old son has asthma. With a hint of apprehension in her voice, the mother inquires about the effectiveness of her son’s ongoing treatment. To ensure an accurate response, Miranda considers the need to: A. Initially examine the frequency of prescription refills required by the child over the previous six months. 1) Correct answer: D. The development of oral thrush, a type of fungal infection in the mouth. Oral thrush is typically not a side effect associated with bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are used to open up the airways in the lungs, alleviating asthma symptoms. The mechanism of action usually involves relaxing the smooth muscles that line the airways, leading to bronchial dilation and easier breathing. The typical side effects associated with bronchodilators, due to their systemic effects, include shaking or trembling (tremor), headaches, and an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia). Oral thrush, on the other hand, is more commonly associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids, which can alter the balance of microorganisms in the mouth and throat, allowing fungi such as Candida albicans (which causes oral thrush) to proliferate. Incorrect answer options: A. Shaking or trembling (tremor). This is a common side effect of bronchodilators, especially those that are beta-2 agonists, like albuterol. They can cause muscle tremors due to the non-selective stimulation of beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle. B. Headaches. This is another possible side effect of bronchodilators. It can be due to the dilation of blood vessels in the brain, as these medications not only act on the airways but can also affect other smooth muscles in the body. C. An abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia). Bronchodilators, especially those that are beta-2 agonists, can cause tachycardia because they stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which are also found in the heart, leading to increased heart rate and force of contraction. 2) Correct answer: D. Diligently use her prescribed medicines. Properly managing asthma involves several key components, one of the most critical being regular and diligent use of prescribed medications. Asthma medications, typically including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, help control inflammation in the airways and prevent or alleviate asthma attacks. This regular usage assists in maintaining long-term control over asthma symptoms and prevents acute exacerbations. Incorrect answer options: A. Disregard dietary control. While diet is not a direct cause of asthma, certain foods can trigger asthma symptoms in some people, and a healthy diet can contribute to overall health and wellbeing. People with asthma should avoid food allergens if they are known to exacerbate their symptoms, and a balanced diet can help to enhance immune function and general health. B. Overutilize her asthma medication. Overusing asthma medication, particularly short-acting bronchodilators, can lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms. It may also cause side effects, such as palpitations, tremors, and potentially serious issues like cardiac arrhythmias. The key is to use medications as prescribed by the healthcare provider. C. Take up smoking. Smoking is harmful to everyone, but especially to those with asthma. It irritates the airways and can cause or exacerbate asthma symptoms. It also decreases the effectiveness of asthma medications. Hence, it is strongly advised to avoid smoking and second-hand smoke exposure in asthma patients. 3) Correct answer: A. Children. Asthma is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), asthma is the leading chronic disease in children. It often starts in childhood and can persist into adulthood. The prevalence of asthma is higher in children compared to adults, and it is more common in boys than in girls during childhood; however, in adulthood, it is more common in women than men. Incorrect answer options: B. Elderly: Although asthma can affect individuals at any age, its onset is less common in the elderly compared to children. C. Adults: Asthma is less commonly diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. However, some adults may continue to have asthma that began in childhood. D. Teens: Teens are less likely to be diagnosed with asthma than younger children, although it can certainly occur or persist from childhood into the teen years. 4) Correct answer: A. The anticholinergic agent, Atropine. Atropine is not typically associated with causing asthma symptoms. Anticholinergics, including atropine, can actually be used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma because they inhibit the actions of acetylcholine on smooth muscles in the airways, leading to muscle relaxation and bronchodilation. Incorrect answer options: B. The common pain reliever, Ibuprofen: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can trigger asthma symptoms in some people. This condition is known as NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD). C. The heart medication, Beta-blocker: Beta-blockers, both selective and non-selective, can potentially exacerbate asthma symptoms. They can cause bronchoconstriction by blocking beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs. D. The allergy substance, Histamine: Histamine, which is released during allergic reactions, can trigger bronchoconstriction and cause asthma symptoms. Histamine acts on H1 receptors in the airways leading to constriction of the bronchial muscles. 5) Correct answer: B. The sudden onset of Epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. This disorder is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the windpipe during swallowing. When the epiglottis is inflamed, it can rapidly obstruct the airway, leading to severe difficulty breathing, and can quickly become a medical emergency. Immediate hospitalization and treatment are necessary to prevent asphyxiation. Incorrect answer options: A. An intense bout of Asthma: While a severe asthma attack can certainly require emergency care, asthma, in general, can be managed with proper medication use and environmental control. The severity of asthma can vary greatly between individuals and even between episodes in the same individual. C. An advanced case of Cystic Fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is a chronic disease that requires ongoing medical care and can cause serious respiratory symptoms. However, it is typically managed over the long term, rather than being considered an immediate medical emergency. D. The development of Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB): While LTB, also known as croup, can cause breathing difficulty, it usually progresses more slowly than epiglottitis and often can be managed with medication and supportive care. Severe cases can require hospitalization, but it is not typically considered a medical emergency to the same extent as acute epiglottitis. 6) Correct answer: C. The beta2-adrenergic agonist Salbutamol. Salbutamol (also known as albuterol) is commonly used in reversibility tests to measure lung function. As a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol works by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and an increase in airflow. The response to salbutamol during the test can provide insights into the degree of reversible airway obstruction in conditions such as asthma. Incorrect answer options: A. The anticholinergic Atropine: While anticholinergics can be used as bronchodilators, atropine is not typically used for this purpose in a clinical setting due to its potential systemic side effects. B. The xanthine derivative Theophylline anhydrous: Theophylline can be used as a bronchodilator but is not typically used in reversibility tests. Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window and requires careful monitoring of blood levels. D. The catecholamine hormone Adrenaline: While adrenaline (epinephrine) can cause bronchodilation, it is not typically used in reversibility testing. It is more commonly used as a rescue medication in severe asthma attacks or anaphylaxis due to its potent systemic effects. 7) Correct answer: B. Clear and hollow, resonant sounds. During a physical examination, percussion of the chest wall in a healthy individual typically produces clear and hollow, resonant sounds. These sounds are produced by the air-filled lung tissue beneath the chest wall. It is important to note that in the case of this patient with allergy-triggered asthma, you may also listen for wheezing or other abnormal breath sounds, but these would be detected during auscultation (listening), not percussion. Incorrect answer options: A. Muted, flat-like sounds: Flat sounds are usually heard over areas where solid tissue or fluid replaces air-containing lung tissues, such as over the sternum or areas of pleural effusion or pneumonia. C. Dense, dull-like sounds: Dull sounds are heard when an air-filled lung is rPractice Mode
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B. Headaches.
C. An abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia).
D. The development of oral thrush, a type of fungal infection in the mouth.
B. Overutilize her asthma medication.
C. Take up smoking.
D. Diligently use her prescribed medicines.
B. Elderly
C. Adults
D. Teens
B. The common pain reliever, Ibuprofen.
C. The heart medication, Beta-blocker.
D. The allergy substance, Histamine.
B. The sudden onset of Epiglottitis.
C. An advanced case of Cystic Fibrosis.
D. The development of Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB).
B. The xanthine derivative Theophylline anhydrous.
C. The beta2-adrenergic agonist Salbutamol.
D. The catecholamine hormone Adrenaline.
B. Clear and hollow, resonant sounds.
C. Dense, dull-like sounds.
D. Extraordinarily clear and booming, hyperresonant sounds.
B. A long standing condition of asthma.
C. A weakened immune response.
D. A known allergy to eggs.
B. These symptoms do not align with the typical indicators of asthma.
B. A disease related to a predisposition towards developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions.
C. A disease resulting from an invasion of microorganisms.
D. A condition characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth.
B. The patient intentionally breathes out slowly into the mouthpiece to get a reading.
C. The patient decides to employ her albuterol inhaler when the meter indicates readings in the yellow zone.
D. The patient intends to reach out to her healthcare provider when the readings stay in the green zone.
B. A disorder impacting the digestive system.
C. A condition characterized by the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood.
D. A minor health concern with few symptoms or complications.
B. No, cockroaches cannot precipitate asthma attacks.
B. Frequently launder pillows, blankets, and stuffed animals.
C. Maintain classrooms, or similar spaces, in a tidy and uncluttered state.
D. Follow all of the choices.
B. No, inhaled steroids at prescribed dosages typically do not lead to major side effects.
B. Abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches causing risk of infection, called Bronchiectasis.
C. Inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, termed Bronchitis.
D. A chronic inflammatory lung condition that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs, known as Bronchial asthma.
B. Attach a cardiac monitor to the patient.
C. Conduct a comprehensive medical history interview.
D. Offer emotional reassurance to the patient.
B. Inflammation and narrowing of the air passages.
C. Troubles related to emotional wellbeing.
D. Persistent and uncontrollable bouts of sneezing.
B. The Residual Volume (RV)
C. The Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)
D. The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
B. First-line treatment usually incorporates short-acting beta-2 agonists.
C. The severity of an acute asthma exacerbation is determined solely by the patient’s physical signs and symptoms, without considering variations in their Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) values.
D. Oxygen supplementation is typically not a recommended course of action.
B. No, it’s an unrelated concern.
B. No, people with asthma can still engage in physical activities with appropriate management.
B. “We’re keen to identify potential triggers for his asthma flare-ups to minimize exposure.”
C. “He needs to use his bronchodilator inhaler first, then his steroid inhaler.”
D. “We will ensure that he avoids physical activities to prevent asthma attacks.”
B. Emma’s peak expiratory flow rate.
C. Presence of swelling in Emma’s lower extremities.
D. Emma’s use of accessory muscles to aid in breathing.
B. No, inhalation technique doesn’t impact the delivery of medication to the lung airways.
B. No, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing are not symptoms of asthma.
B. Her gender being female.
C. Her struggle with bronchial asthma.
D. Her condition of obesity.
B. No, allergens like pollen and animal fur do not trigger asthma.
B. Fast heartbeat, headache, shortness of breath, temperature of 101°F, and wheezing sounds.
C. Feelings of restlessness, insomnia, blurred vision, high blood pressure, chest pain, and muscle weakness.
D. Fast heartbeat, feelings of nausea and vomiting, heart palpitations, inability to sleep, restlessness, and seizures.
B. Alex experiences bronchoconstriction and inflammation of the airways.
C. Alex’s asthma is a result of a viral infection.
D. Alex’s asthma began during his childhood or adolescence.
B. Prednisolone
C. Methacholine
D. Ipratropium bromide
B. Detailed instructions on maintaining calm during an asthma attack.
C. Understanding the link between her asthma symptoms and specific triggers, like physical exercise.
D. Information on the frequency of status asthmaticus in children and teenagers.
B. No, even with these symptoms persisting for over a year, a foreign object could still be a potential cause.
B. Being diagnosed with atopic dermatitis by a physician.
C. Having peripheral eosinophilia and allergic rhinitis.
D. Experiencing recurrent ear infections (otitis media).
B. A glass of milk.
C. A glass of cola.
D. A few grapes.
B. No, asthma is not caused by inflammation of the airways in the lungs.
B. Irritability in the airways.
C. Inflammation within the airways.
D. All of the factors listed.
B. A reliever is used to alleviate asthma attacks.
B. No, emotional reactions such as crying, laughing hard, or yelling don’t trigger asthma.
B. Avoiding exposure to second-hand smoke, breastfeeding during infancy, and avoiding allergens.
C. Breastfeeding during infancy, living at least 20 km outside of a major city, and spending at least 3 hours outdoors each day for oxygen.
D. Avoiding household pets, preventing obesity, and avoiding allergens.
B. Acute asthma
C. Bronchial pneumonia
D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B. Swelling (edema).
C. Damage to the epithelial cells lining the airways.
D. Contraction of the muscles in the airways (bronchospasm).
B. Beta-adrenergic blockers
C. Bronchodilators
D. Inhaled corticosteroids
B. It usually occurs early in the night.
C. It usually manifests between 2 am and 4 am.
D. It typically happens close to dawn.
B. No, perfumes and cleaning products don’t trigger asthma attacks.
B. No, it’s not necessary to ban all classroom pets to prevent asthma triggers.
B. No, staff who smoke during their personal time can indeed harm children with asthma.
B. An extended duration of inhaling and a short duration of exhaling.
C. Regular coughing that produces clear, frothy, thin mucus, gradually progressing to thick, sticky mucus that can only be heard during examination.
D. Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, with wheezing beginning during exhalation and progressing to a continuous state.
B. Boys aged 10-14 years & women aged 20-24 years.
C. Men aged 25-44 years & girls aged 10-14 years.
D. Men aged 20-24 years & women aged 25-44 years.
B. Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs.
C. B2 adrenoceptor antagonists and bronchodilators.
D. Anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids.
B. No, the statement is incorrect.
B. Pollen.
C. Air pollution.
D. All of the choices listed.
B. Intermittent
C. Severe Persistent
D. Moderate Persistent
B. There are no visible intercostal or substernal retractions.
C. The child has an oxygen saturation level of 95%.
D. The child has only mild difficulty in breathing.
B. Nocturnal wheezing.
C. Inflammation of the airways.
D. The necessity for oral steroids.
B. Asthma ranks as the third most common cause of hospitalization among children under 15.
C. Asthma is among the most prevalent chronic diseases nationwide, affecting the lives and families of over 7 million children.
D. All of the statements are true.
B. Uncontrolled contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle.
C. Inflammation of bronchioles leading to shortness of breath.
D. Infection-driven processes resulting in swelling of the mucus lining.
B. The mucous membranes.
C. The earlobes.
D. The lips.
B. He needs to undergo suctioning.
C. He is showing signs of rapid breathing or hyperventilation.
D. There is an escalation in airway obstruction.
B. Sphygmomanometer
C. Manometer
D. Barometer
B. The wheezing has been superseded by crackles.
C. The asthma attack has concluded.
D. The inflammation has reduced.
B. Might it be the result of his encounters with the pollen-rich trees, grasses, and blooming flowers in his neighborhood?
C. Or perhaps it’s exposure to his grandpa’s paint thinners and house dust during spring cleaning?
B. Should he focus on teaching and facilitating airway clearance techniques for Jasmine?
C. Was his main duty to enlighten Jasmine about her condition and the various treatment alternatives?
D. All of the choices.
B. A localized and irreversible expansion of a section of the bronchial tree, consequent to the destruction of muscle and elastic tissue.
C. A recurring cough that leads to the production of sputum and mucus for at least three months a year for two consecutive years.
D. The deflation and subsequent closure of the alveoli, leading to impaired or absent gas exchange that could affect a portion or the entirety of the lung.
B. The procurement and examination of a biopsy from the bronchial mucosa.
C. The performance of a bronchoalveolar lavage, a procedure that involves washing out the bronchial tree and retrieving the washings for examination.
D. The conduction of a spirometry test to assess the volume and flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
B. No
B. Get coated with a substantial amount of mucus?
C. Undergo inflammation?
D. Exhibit all of the described changes?
B. A pneumothorax, or a collapsed lung.
C. A pleural effusion, an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space.
D. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
B. Inflamed, sensitive, and swollen linings of the airway.
C. The presence of malignant growth within the airway.
D. An elevated and irregular heart rate.
B. Initially track the child’s height progression on a growth chart.
C. Initially determine the number of times the child has visited the pediatrician in the last six months.
D. Initially check the child’s weight progression on a growth chart.Answers and Rationales