MSN Exam for Asthma Part 2

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The mucous membranes. In a patient with darker skin, the best areas to assess for cyanosis are the mucous membranes such as the lips, mouth, and conjunctiva of the eyes. These areas tend to show cyanosis more clearly than areas such as the skin or nail beds, particularly in individuals with darker skin.

​​The mucous membranes in areas such as the lips, mouth, and conjunctiva of the eyes are usually less pigmented and therefore less influenced by skin color. Cyanosis, which is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes, is caused by an increase in the deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood. When oxygen levels in the blood are significantly reduced, hemoglobin, a molecule in the red blood cells, changes from a bright red color to a darker, bluish color. This change is what creates the bluish tint known as cyanosis.

The color contrast in these less pigmented areas makes cyanosis easier to detect. For example, the lips and oral mucosa are often less pigmented than the surrounding skin, making the blue discoloration of cyanosis more noticeable. Similarly, the conjunctiva of the eyes (the clear, thin membrane that covers the front of the eye) is typically less pigmented, making it another good site for identifying cyanosis.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The nail beds. While cyanosis can sometimes be noted at the nail beds, it can be more difficult to detect in individuals with darker skin tones.

The earlobes. The earlobes may not reliably indicate cyanosis, particularly in patients with darker skin.

The lips. Though the lips are a part of mucous membranes, focusing solely on the lips might not provide the most accurate assessment of cyanosis in patients with darker skin. The whole mucous membrane should be examined.

 

References

• Jarvis, C. (2016). Physical examination and health assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Goolsby, M. J., & Grubbs, L. (2017). Advanced Assessment: Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses. FA Davis.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, with wheezing beginning during exhalation and progressing to a continuous state. In an asthma attack, the bronchial tubes (airways) in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed. This inflammation can cause wheezing, a high-pitched whistling sound that typically begins during exhalation and can progress to a continuous state as the airways become more constricted. Other common symptoms include shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Underinflation of the alveoli leading to poor gas exchange due to increasingly shallow breaths. While it is true that poor gas exchange can occur during an asthma attack due to constricted airways, it is usually not a result of underinflation of the alveoli, but rather a narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles that lead to the alveoli.

An extended duration of inhaling and a short duration of exhaling. Actually, in asthma, it is common to see prolonged exhalation due to airway obstruction, not prolonged inhalation.

Regular coughing that produces clear, frothy, thin mucus, gradually progressing to thick, sticky mucus that can only be heard during examination. Asthma attacks often include coughing, but it's usually dry or with small amounts of sticky mucus. The presence of frothy mucus could indicate other conditions, like pulmonary edema.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Rebar, C. R., & Heimgartner, N. M. (2018). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Experiencing recurrent ear infections (otitis media). While recurrent ear infections can be a nuisance and potentially lead to other health complications if left untreated, they are not typically recognized as a risk factor for the development of asthma.

Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which carry air in and out of the lungs. Its development is typically influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Having parents with a history of asthma. This is indeed a risk factor for asthma. Asthma tends to run in families, and individuals with one or both parents with asthma are more likely to develop the condition.

Being diagnosed with atopic dermatitis by a physician. Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a condition that makes the skin red and itchy. Individuals with atopic dermatitis are at higher risk of developing asthma, a phenomenon known as the "atopic march." The atopic march refers to the progression of allergic diseases in a person, typically starting with eczema, followed by food allergies, allergic rhinitis, and then asthma.

Having peripheral eosinophilia and allergic rhinitis. Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by higher than normal levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, often seen in allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is an allergic response that causes inflammation in the nose. Both conditions are associated with an increased risk of asthma.

 

References

• Platts-Mills TA. (2015). The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(1): 3–13.
• Martinez FD. (2007). Gene-environment interactions in asthma: with apologies to William of Ockham. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 4(1): 26–31.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, a proper inhalation technique ensures effective medication delivery to the lung airways. Inhaler technique is crucial for effective delivery of asthma medication. Using the inhaler incorrectly can mean that insufficient medicine reaches the lungs, reducing its efficacy. The correct technique involves a coordinated effort of actuating the inhaler while inhaling the medicine deeply into the lungs, and then holding the breath to allow the medication to settle in the airways.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, inhalation technique doesn't impact the delivery of medication to the lung airways. This is incorrect. An improper inhalation technique can lead to the medication not reaching the lungs effectively, reducing the medication's effectiveness and potentially leading to poor asthma control.

 

References

• Sanchis J, Gich I, Pedersen S; Aerosol Drug Management Improvement Team (ADMIT). Systematic Review of Errors in Inhaler Use: Has Patient Technique Improved Over Time? Chest. 2016;150(2):394-406. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.041
• National Asthma Council Australia. (2020). Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.1. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne. http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Acute asthma. The symptoms presented by Eman such as tachypnea (rapid breathing), dry cough, and a recent cold (a common trigger for asthma exacerbations) are suggestive of an acute asthma attack. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among children, and it often presents with these symptoms.

An acute asthma attack, also known as an asthma exacerbation, signifies a sudden intensification of asthma symptoms. Such an episode is characterized by heightened airway inflammation and increased airway constriction, impeding the flow of air in and out of the lungs. In Eman's case, the fast-paced breathing (tachypnea) is a compensatory mechanism initiated by the body to counter the compromised oxygenation and ventilation. His body is striving to take in more oxygen and expel the carbon dioxide buildup caused by the narrowed and inflamed airways.

Moreover, the recent history of a cold can't be disregarded. Viral infections, such as the common cold, are well-recognized triggers for asthma exacerbations, particularly in children. The immune response to the infection can amplify the already existing inflammation in an asthmatic airway, leading to worsened symptoms. In addition, coughing, which is a common symptom of both colds and asthma, can further irritate the airways, leading to an increased likelihood of an asthma attack. Coupled with the absence of fever and the presence of a dry cough, these indications strongly align with an episode of acute asthma, underlining the importance of prompt recognition and appropriate management to prevent a further escalation of Eman's condition.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Emphysema. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) typically seen in adults with a history of long-term smoking. It's very rare in children, especially as young as 7 years old, and usually presents with symptoms over a long period of time, not acutely.

Bronchial pneumonia. While pneumonia can cause rapid breathing and cough, it is usually associated with other symptoms such as fever, chest pain, and productive cough (cough with phlegm), which are not present in this scenario.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD, like emphysema, is typically seen in adults with a history of long-term smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants over a long period of time. It's very uncommon in children and doesn't present acutely.

 

References

• British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. (2019). British guideline on the management of asthma. Quick Reference Guide.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

First-line treatment usually incorporates short-acting beta-2 agonists. Short-acting beta-2 agonists, such as albuterol, are the first-line treatment for acute asthma exacerbations. They act rapidly to relax the smooth muscles around the airways, thereby widening the airways (bronchodilation) and relieving symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The steroid drug, Methylprednisolone, is reserved solely for instances of respiratory arrest. The steroid drug, Methylprednisolone, is not solely reserved for instances of respiratory arrest. While severe exacerbations may require systemic corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, they can be used in non-emergency situations as well. Their role is not limited to respiratory arrest.

The severity of an acute asthma exacerbation is determined solely by the patient's physical signs and symptoms, without considering variations in their Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) values. The severity of an acute asthma exacerbation is determined by both the patient's physical signs and symptoms and their Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) values. PEF can provide an objective measure of airflow obstruction and it can help guide treatment decisions.

Oxygen supplementation is typically not a recommended course of action. Oxygen supplementation is often a critical component of the emergency management of severe asthma exacerbations, particularly if the patient's oxygen saturation is falling. Supplemental oxygen can help ensure that the body's tissues get the oxygen they need while the underlying bronchospasm is being treated.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs. The two main categories of medications used to manage asthma are bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs. Bronchodilators, like albuterol, work by relaxing the smooth muscles surrounding the airways to improve airflow. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, decrease the inflammation in the airways, which can reduce the frequency and severity of asthma attacks.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Inhalable drugs and orally administered drugs. While these are two forms of medication delivery, they are not categories of medications used to manage asthma. Both bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs can be inhaled or taken orally.

B2 adrenoceptor antagonists and bronchodilators. Beta-2 adrenoceptor antagonists (beta blockers) are generally not used in asthma treatment as they can potentially worsen asthma symptoms. They are not a main category of medications used in the management of asthma.

Anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are a type of anti-inflammatory drug, so this answer is essentially repeating one category.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma.
• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Administer a bronchodilator via a nebulizer. In the case of an acute asthma attack, the immediate priority is to reverse the bronchospasm and improve the patient's ability to breathe. This is often achieved through the administration of a fast-acting bronchodilator, such as albuterol, via a nebulizer. These medications work by relaxing the muscles around the airways, making it easier for the patient to breathe.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Attach a cardiac monitor to the patient. While it's important to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm during a severe asthma attack because of the potential for complications, this is not the immediate priority. The first action should be aimed at improving the patient's breathing.

Conduct a comprehensive medical history interview. While understanding the patient's medical history is an important part of managing their care, it is not the immediate priority in this situation. The patient is in severe distress and needs immediate medical intervention to manage their symptoms.

Offer emotional reassurance to the patient. While offering reassurance and support to a patient in distress is a crucial part of nursing care, it cannot substitute the immediate medical interventions needed to manage a severe asthma attack.

 

References

• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.
• Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (2015). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The patient's airways have become so inflamed that air cannot pass. During a severe asthma attack, the airways can become so inflamed and constricted that air cannot pass through, leading to silent chest or inaudible breath sounds. This is a serious and potentially life-threatening situation because it indicates a critical decrease in airflow. It's also a sign that the patient could be fatiguing and not able to maintain their breathing effort. The absence of wheezing, in this case, doesn't mean that the patient's condition has improved. Instead, it's a sign that immediate medical attention and intervention are required.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The wheezing has been superseded by crackles. Crackles (formerly known as rales) are a different type of lung sound, often associated with fluid in the lungs, such as in pneumonia or heart failure. In the context of asthma, we would typically expect wheezing, not crackles. If crackles are present, it might suggest a complication or an alternative diagnosis.

The asthma attack has concluded. A cessation of wheezing in the context of a severe asthma attack usually doesn't signify an end to the attack. On the contrary, it might mean that the attack has worsened to the point where the patient's airways are extremely narrow or even completely blocked.

The inflammation has reduced. Inaudible breath sounds during a severe asthma attack usually do not indicate a reduction in inflammation. Asthma involves chronic inflammation of the airways, which usually doesn't resolve spontaneously or quickly. It's more likely that the inflammation has worsened, leading to critically impaired airflow.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Wilkins, R. L., Stoller, J. K., & Kacmarek, R. M. (2019). Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, strong emotional reactions like crying, laughing hard, or yelling can indeed trigger asthma. Asthma is a condition that can be influenced by a variety of triggers, including emotional responses. Strong emotions such as crying, laughing, or yelling can lead to changes in breathing patterns that might trigger an asthma attack. These emotional states can cause hyperventilation or rapid breathing, which can provoke bronchospasm (contraction of the airways), leading to asthma symptoms. It's also worth noting that stress and anxiety, which often accompany strong emotional states, can exacerbate asthma symptoms.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, emotional reactions such as crying, laughing hard, or yelling don't trigger asthma. This statement is not entirely accurate. Emotional responses can indeed impact breathing patterns and potentially trigger asthma symptoms. Each individual with asthma can have different triggers, and for some, emotional responses may be one of them.

 

References

• Lehrer, P., Feldman, J., Giardino, N., Song, H. S., & Schmaling, K. (2002). Psychological aspects of asthma. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 70(3), 691.
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Might it be the result of his encounters with the pollen-rich trees, grasses, and blooming flowers in his neighborhood? Seasonal asthma, often linked with allergic rhinitis or hay fever, is commonly triggered by airborne allergens such as tree, grass, and weed pollens. When Matthew inhales these pollens, his immune system overreacts and produces antibodies that cause the release of chemicals, including histamines, into the bloodstream. This leads to the symptoms of asthma, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. This explanation aligns with Matthew's symptoms appearing during the spring season when many plants are in bloom and releasing pollen.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Could it be due to him breathing in the smoke from his father's cigars? While secondhand smoke is indeed a trigger for asthma symptoms, it's not likely to be the cause in this specific case. If Matthew's asthma was primarily triggered by his father's cigar smoke, it wouldn't be seasonal; his symptoms would likely be present year-round as long as he's exposed to the smoke.

Or perhaps it's exposure to his grandpa's paint thinners and house dust during spring cleaning? Similar to the explanation of the correct answer, chemicals from paint thinners and dust can indeed trigger asthma symptoms. However, these are typically more consistent triggers, leading to symptoms whenever the individual is exposed. If these were the primary triggers for Matthew, it's less likely his symptoms would be restricted to the spring season alone, unless the spring cleaning was the only time he was exposed to these substances.

 

References

• American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. (2021). Asthma Triggers and Management. In Allergies and Asthma (pp. 105-120). Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2021). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

All of the factors listed. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, bronchospasm, and airflow obstruction. Therefore, anything that contributes to airway blockage, irritability, or inflammation can potentially trigger an asthma attack.

• Blockage of the airways: This can occur due to mucus production or bronchospasm (contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi), both of which can result from exposure to an asthma trigger.
• Irritability in the airways: Certain triggers can irritate the airways, making them more prone to narrowing in response to stimuli. This irritability can lead to bronchospasm and thus trigger an asthma attack.
• Inflammation within the airways: Inflammation is a key aspect of asthma. Asthma triggers can cause an inflammatory response within the airways, leading to swelling, increased mucus production, and bronchospasm, which can trigger an asthma attack.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

All the other options, when viewed in isolation, could contribute to triggering an asthma attack, making them not incorrect per se. However, in the context of this question, each one alone is not a comprehensive answer. The interplay of all the listed factors can contribute to an asthma attack, hence answer option "All of the factors listed" is the most accurate.

 

References

• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 120(5 Suppl): S94–S138.
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Her condition of obesity. Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for stroke. Excessive body weight can contribute to the development of other health issues such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease, which are all recognized risk factors for stroke. Also, obesity is associated with dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood) and inflammation, both of which can also increase stroke risk.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Her ethnicity as a Caucasian. Race and ethnicity can indeed influence stroke risk, but not in Susan's case. African-Americans, for instance, are at a higher risk for stroke compared to Caucasians. So, being Caucasian does not typically increase her risk for a stroke.

Her gender being female. While gender does play a role in stroke risk with some unique factors for women (like pregnancy, preeclampsia, birth control usage, and post-menopausal hormonal therapy), it is not the main factor in this context, considering the presence of a more prominent risk factor – obesity.

Her struggle with bronchial asthma. While uncontrolled asthma can lead to various complications, it is not generally considered a direct risk factor for stroke. Some research suggests a possible link, but the relationship between asthma and stroke is less established than the connection between obesity and stroke.

 

References

• Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., ... & Wilson, J. A. (2014). Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke, 45(7), 2160-2236.
• Guh, D. P., Zhang, W., Bansback, N., Amarsi, Z., Birmingham, C. L., & Anis, A. H. (2009). The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC public health, 9(1), 88.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Slices of apple. Apples are rich in antioxidants and dietary fiber. Certain studies suggest that a diet high in antioxidants may be beneficial in managing asthma, potentially due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary fiber can also contribute to a healthy gut microbiome, which has been linked to better immune function and potentially reduced asthma symptoms.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A glass of milk. Milk and other dairy products can sometimes exacerbate asthma symptoms, particularly in individuals with a dairy allergy or intolerance. However, it's important to note that not all individuals with asthma are sensitive to dairy, and dairy products are not universally recognized as an asthma trigger.

A glass of cola. Cola, like other sugary drinks, can lead to inflammation and obesity, both of which are risk factors for worsening asthma symptoms. The high sugar content can also contribute to other health issues such as dental cavities and type 2 diabetes.

A few grapes. While grapes themselves are not necessarily bad for individuals with asthma, they do pose a choking hazard, particularly for children under the age of 5. Given Lily's age, it would be safer to avoid whole grapes.

 

References

• Garcia-Larsen V, et al. (2018). Dietary antioxidants and 10-year lung function decline in adults from the ECRHS survey. European Respiratory Journal, 52(6).
• Nwaru BI, et al. (2017). Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 15(2).

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The patient decides to employ her albuterol inhaler when the meter indicates readings in the yellow zone. The use of a peak flow meter in managing asthma is intended to provide early warning signs of worsening asthma control, measured as a percentage of the patient's personal best reading. A fall into the yellow zone, generally 50-79% of the personal best, indicates a cautionary period where the asthma is not well controlled and immediate action is required. This often involves the use of a quick-relief medication like albuterol.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The patient plans to use montelukast when the meter readings fall into the red zone. Montelukast is a controller medication used to prevent asthma symptoms, not to relieve acute symptoms. It is not appropriate for red zone readings which suggest a severe drop in lung function (below 50% of the personal best). This scenario usually calls for a quick-relief medication and immediate medical attention.

The patient intentionally breathes out slowly into the mouthpiece to get a reading. This is incorrect because the peak flow meter measures the maximum speed of expiration (fast and hard expiration), not slow breathing out.

The patient intends to reach out to her healthcare provider when the readings stay in the green zone. This is incorrect. The green zone (80-100% of the personal best) indicates good asthma control. The patient should continue her current management but doesn't necessarily need to reach out to the healthcare provider, unless she has other concerns.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2014). How To Use Your Peak Flow Meter. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/all-publications-and-resources/how-use-your-peak-flow-meter
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Clear and hollow, resonant sounds. During a physical examination, percussion of the chest wall in a healthy individual typically produces clear and hollow, resonant sounds. These sounds are produced by the air-filled lung tissue beneath the chest wall. It is important to note that in the case of this patient with allergy-triggered asthma, you may also listen for wheezing or other abnormal breath sounds, but these would be detected during auscultation (listening), not percussion.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Muted, flat-like sounds. Flat sounds are usually heard over areas where solid tissue or fluid replaces air-containing lung tissues, such as over the sternum or areas of pleural effusion or pneumonia.

Dense, dull-like sounds. Dull sounds are heard when an air-filled lung is replaced by fluid or solid tissue, such as in cases of pneumonia or tumors. This is not expected in this case unless there is an additional unmentioned pathology.

Extraordinarily clear and booming, hyperresonant sounds. Hyperresonant sounds might suggest a pathological air accumulation, such as in pneumothorax or severe emphysema.

 

References

• Bates, B. (2017). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
• Seidel, H. M., Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination. Elsevier Mosby.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The sudden onset of Epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. This disorder is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, a flap of tissue located at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the windpipe during swallowing. When the epiglottis is inflamed, it can rapidly obstruct the airway, leading to severe difficulty breathing, and can quickly become a medical emergency. Immediate hospitalization and treatment are necessary to prevent asphyxiation.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

An intense bout of Asthma. While a severe asthma attack can certainly require emergency care, asthma, in general, can be managed with proper medication use and environmental control. The severity of asthma can vary greatly between individuals and even between episodes in the same individual.

An advanced case of Cystic Fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a chronic disease that requires ongoing medical care and can cause serious respiratory symptoms. However, it is typically managed over the long term, rather than being considered an immediate medical emergency.

The development of Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB). While LTB, also known as croup, can cause breathing difficulty, it usually progresses more slowly than epiglottitis and often can be managed with medication and supportive care. Severe cases can require hospitalization, but it is not typically considered a medical emergency to the same extent as acute epiglottitis.

 

References

• Shah, R. K., Stocks, C. (2010). Epiglottitis in the United States: national trends, variances, prognosis, and management. The Laryngoscope, 120(6), 1256-1262.
• Shah, K., Kazahaya, K. (2019). Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
• Bell, S. C., Mall, M. A., Gutierrez, H., Macek, M., Madge, S., Davies, J. C., Burgel, P. R., Tullis, E., Castaños, C., Castellani, C., Byrnes, C. A., Cathcart, F., Chotirmall, S. H., Cosgriff, R., Eichler, I., Fajac, I., Goss, C. H., Drevinek, P., Farrell, P. M., ... Elborn, J. S. (2020). The future of cystic fibrosis care: a global perspective. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(1), 65-124.
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GINA-2020-report_20_06_04-1-wms.pdf.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Damage to the epithelial cells lining the airways. Asthma is primarily a disease of inflammation and bronchoconstriction. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing due to widespread, but variable, airflow obstruction. This airflow obstruction is reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment. The features of asthma include swelling of the airways (edema), contraction of the muscles in the airways (bronchospasm), and dynamic collapse of the airways. However, it's important to note that while inflammation can damage the epithelial cells over time, this is not a defining feature of asthma and is more associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Dynamic collapse of the airways. This is a feature of asthma. In severe asthma attacks, airways can close up, leading to decreased air movement. This is called dynamic airway collapse.

Swelling (edema).  Inflammation in asthma leads to swelling of the airways which narrows them and makes it difficult for air to pass through.

Contraction of the muscles in the airways (bronchospasm).  This is a key feature of asthma. The muscles around the airways contract, narrowing the airways and making it harder for air to pass through.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Rebar, C. R., & Heimgartner, N. M. (2018). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

No, even with these symptoms persisting for over a year, a foreign object could still be a potential cause. While it might seem unusual for a foreign object to cause symptoms over such a long period, it is still a possibility and shouldn't be completely ruled out. Depending on the object's size and location in the airway, it could potentially remain undetected for an extended period and cause chronic symptoms, including persistent coughing and wheezing.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Yes, the idea of a foreign object causing these symptoms can be ruled out since they've persisted for over a year. This is not entirely accurate. Although more common causes for such symptoms over an extended period might include conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a foreign body in the airway could still be a potential cause, particularly if the patient's history suggests a choking incident.

 

References

• Rodrigues, A. J., Scussiatto, E. A., Jacomelli, M., Scordamaglio, P. R., Palomino, A. M. M., & Gregório, M. G. (2012). Foreign body aspiration in children and adolescents: experience of a Brazilian referral center. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 38(5), 614-619.
• Navarro, A., & Madrigal, I. (2015). Foreign body aspiration in children. European Respiratory Review, 24(137), 454-461.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The beta2-adrenergic agonist Salbutamol. Salbutamol (also known as albuterol) is commonly used in reversibility tests to measure lung function. As a short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol works by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and an increase in airflow. The response to salbutamol during the test can provide insights into the degree of reversible airway obstruction in conditions such as asthma.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The anticholinergic Atropine. While anticholinergics can be used as bronchodilators, atropine is not typically used for this purpose in a clinical setting due to its potential systemic side effects.

The xanthine derivative Theophylline anhydrous. Theophylline can be used as a bronchodilator but is not typically used in reversibility tests. Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window and requires careful monitoring of blood levels.

The catecholamine hormone Adrenaline. While adrenaline (epinephrine) can cause bronchodilation, it is not typically used in reversibility testing. It is more commonly used as a rescue medication in severe asthma attacks or anaphylaxis due to its potent systemic effects.

 

References

• British Thoracic Society. (2019). BTS/SIGN British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/asthma.
• National Asthma Council Australia. (2019). Australian Asthma Handbook. https://www.asthmahandbook.org.au/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

All of the choices. As a physiotherapist, Sam would have several important roles in Jasmine's asthma management.

• He would certainly inform Jasmine about the importance of exercise. Regular, moderate exercise can improve overall lung function and health, while helping to manage symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation classes, which may include physical exercises, disease education, and breathing techniques, are often beneficial for people with chronic respiratory conditions like asthma.
• Teaching and facilitating airway clearance techniques are also vital responsibilities for Sam. Techniques such as controlled breathing exercises, coughing techniques, and chest physiotherapy can aid in clearing mucus from the airways, which can become particularly useful during an asthma attack.
• Education about the disease and various treatment options is another key responsibility for Sam. While he may not prescribe treatments, he can provide information about how treatments work and how they may interact with physical therapy strategies.

In short, Sam’s role will encompass a multifaceted approach, combining education, physical training, and airway clearance techniques to help Jasmine manage her asthma effectively.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Other answer options individually are not incorrect per se; they each represent part of Sam's responsibilities. However, they are not the complete answer on their own. Sam's responsibilities as a physiotherapist extend beyond any single one of these roles, encompassing all of the activities listed in the options.

 

References

• Pryor, J. A., & Prasad, S. A. (2008). Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems: Adults and Paediatrics. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Thomas, M., McKinley, R. K., Freeman, E., Foy, C., Prodger, P., & Price, D. (2001). Breathing retraining for dysfunctional breathing in asthma: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax, 56(2), 110-115.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Exhibit all of the described changes. Asthma is a chronic disease that affects the airways or bronchial tubes in the lungs. These tubes allow air to come in and out of the lungs. In asthma, these airways undergo three major changes: they constrict or narrow down, become inflamed, and produce excess mucus.

• Bronchoconstriction: In response to certain triggers such as allergens, cold air, or exercise, the muscles around the airways contract, leading to narrowing of the airways. This is known as bronchoconstriction and it makes it harder for air to flow in and out of the lungs, resulting in difficulty in breathing.
• Inflammation: Over time, the airways in people with asthma become swollen and inflamed. This inflammation further narrows the airways and makes them more sensitive to triggers.
• Excess Mucus: The inflamed airways often produce more mucus than normal, which can further block the airways.

✔️Think of it like a highway during a snowstorm. The snow (inflammation) covers the road, narrowing it (bronchoconstriction), and accidents or abandoned cars (excess mucus) further obstruct the path. The snowplows (medicine) work to clear the way, but until the storm (asthma attack) ends or is controlled, it's difficult for cars (air) to get through.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Narrow down or constrict. This answer is partially correct. Asthma does lead to constriction of the airways. However, this is not the only change that occurs in the airways of people with asthma.

Get coated with a substantial amount of mucus. This answer is also partially correct. Asthma does lead to increased mucus production in the airways. But again, this is not the only change.

Undergo inflammation. While this answer is also partially correct, as inflammation is indeed one of the changes that occur in the airways of people with asthma, it doesn't encapsulate all the changes.

 

References

• Ignatavicius DD, Workman ML. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. 8th edition. Elsevier Saunders; 2015.
• Lewis SL, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM, Bucher L, Harding MM. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. 10th edition. Elsevier; 2016.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Peak flow meter. A peak flow meter is a handheld device that measures how well air moves out of your lungs. In other words, it gauges the airway's capacity to push out air in a fast and robust manner. This measurement is critical for patients like Mr. Sullivan, who has a history of respiratory issues. With diseases such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there's often an obstruction in the airways that impedes the free flow of air. The peak flow meter could provide an approximate measure of how severe this obstruction is and how it's changing over time, assisting Nurse Jamie in tracking the progression of Mr. Sullivan's condition.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Sphygmomanometer. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure, not lung function. It records the amount of pressure it takes to halt the blood flow in the arteries during a heartbeat (systolic) and the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats (diastolic).

Manometer. A manometer is a device that measures pressure. While there are some applications in respiratory therapy (like measuring the pressure in a ventilator circuit), a manometer is not typically used to gauge lung function in the manner described in the scenario.

Barometer. A barometer measures atmospheric pressure and is commonly used in meteorology for weather forecasting. It does not directly measure any physiological parameters related to human health.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Wilkins, R. L., Stoller, J. K., & Kacmarek, R. M. (2019). Egan's fundamentals of respiratory care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Lower-than-normal pressure in the bronchial airways, known as Bronchial hypotension. There's no recognized condition called "bronchial hypotension" in medical literature or practice.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a term used to describe progressive lung diseases, which include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory (non-reversible) asthma, and some forms of bronchiectasis. These diseases are characterized by increasing breathlessness.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Bronchiectasis is indeed a condition that can be associated with COPD. It involves the abnormal widening of the bronchi or their branches, creating a risk of infection due to poor mucociliary clearance.

Chronic Bronchitis is a type of COPD. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, leading to a persistent cough and mucus production.

Bronchial Asthma, especially when refractory (non-reversible), is considered a form of COPD. It is characterized by episodes of tightening of the airway due to inflammation, leading to breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. (2020). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The child has a history of asthma requiring steroid medication. A history of asthma requiring steroid medication may indicate that the child has a more severe form of asthma or has experienced severe exacerbations in the past. Such children may be at a higher risk of experiencing severe exacerbations in the future, especially if their asthma is not well-controlled or if they are exposed to triggers.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

There are no visible intercostal or substernal retractions. The absence of visible intercostal or substernal retractions is typically a positive sign, suggesting that the child is not currently experiencing severe respiratory distress.

The child has an oxygen saturation level of 95%.  A normal oxygen saturation level for a child is typically between 95% and 100%. Therefore, an oxygen saturation level of 95% would not typically be a cause for concern.

The child has only mild difficulty in breathing. Mild difficulty breathing, especially in the absence of other signs of severe respiratory distress (such as wheezing, retractions, or decreased oxygen saturation), would not typically indicate a high risk of severe exacerbation.

 

References

• American Lung Association. (2021). Asthma in Children.
• Hockenberry, M.J., Wilson, D., & Rodgers, C.C. (2020). Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Follow all of the choices. Dust and dust mites are common triggers for asthma, and all the recommendations given can reduce the patient's exposure to them.

• Regularly wiping down furniture using a damp cloth and ensuring it dries properly can help to reduce the dust particles on the surfaces. Dust mites live and reproduce in warm, moist environments, and ensuring the furniture dries properly after wiping can also help to prevent their growth.
• Frequently laundering pillows, blankets, and stuffed animals is an essential recommendation. Dust mites commonly live in fabric materials like bedding and stuffed animals. Washing these items regularly and at high temperatures can kill dust mites and reduce their populations.
• Maintaining classrooms, or similar spaces, in a tidy and uncluttered state can also help to reduce dust and dust mite exposure. Cluttered spaces can accumulate more dust, and a tidy environment is easier to clean thoroughly.

 

References

• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.
• Rank, M. A., & Li, J. T. (2010). Clinical Allergy: Diagnosis and Management. Springer Publishing Company.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Inflammation and narrowing of the air passages. Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, the passageways that allow air to enter and leave the lungs. This causes periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing, particularly in the early morning or at night.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Experiencing constant tiredness and lack of energy. While fatigue can be a secondary symptom in severe asthma due to the effort of breathing or disrupted sleep, it's not a specific symptom of asthma. Other conditions can also cause fatigue, so its presence alone wouldn't necessarily indicate asthma.

Troubles related to emotional wellbeing. Emotional stress can indeed trigger an asthma attack, but it's not a symptom of asthma. It's also worth noting that dealing with a chronic illness like asthma can impact emotional wellbeing, though this is more an effect of the disease rather than a symptom.

Persistent and uncontrollable bouts of sneezing. While sneezing can be a symptom of an allergic reaction and allergies can trigger asthma attacks in some individuals, sneezing itself is not typically a symptom of asthma

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The anticholinergic agent, Atropine. Atropine is not typically associated with causing asthma symptoms. Anticholinergics, including atropine, can actually be used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma because they inhibit the actions of acetylcholine on smooth muscles in the airways, leading to muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The common pain reliever, Ibuprofen: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can trigger asthma symptoms in some people. This condition is known as NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (NERD).

The heart medication, Beta-blocker: Beta-blockers, both selective and non-selective, can potentially exacerbate asthma symptoms. They can cause bronchoconstriction by blocking beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs.

The allergy substance, Histamine: Histamine, which is released during allergic reactions, can trigger bronchoconstriction and cause asthma symptoms. Histamine acts on H1 receptors in the airways leading to constriction of the bronchial muscles.

 

References

• Lipworth, B. J., & Basran, G. S. (2020). Adverse effects of beta-blockers: relevance of age and comorbidities. The British Journal of Cardiology, 27.
• Stevenson, D. D., & Szczeklik, A. (2006). Clinical and pathologic perspectives on aspirin sensitivity and asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 118(4), 773-786.
• Gross, N. J. (1987). Ipratropium bromide. New England Journal of Medicine, 316(12), 722-731.
• Brightling, C. E., & Ward, R. (2019). Asthma. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The development of oral thrush, a type of fungal infection in the mouth. Oral thrush is typically not a side effect associated with bronchodilators. Bronchodilators are used to open up the airways in the lungs, alleviating asthma symptoms. The mechanism of action usually involves relaxing the smooth muscles that line the airways, leading to bronchial dilation and easier breathing. The typical side effects associated with bronchodilators, due to their systemic effects, include shaking or trembling (tremor), headaches, and an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia). Oral thrush, on the other hand, is more commonly associated with the use of inhaled corticosteroids, which can alter the balance of microorganisms in the mouth and throat, allowing fungi such as Candida albicans (which causes oral thrush) to proliferate.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Shaking or trembling (tremor). This is a common side effect of bronchodilators, especially those that are beta-2 agonists, like albuterol. They can cause muscle tremors due to the non-selective stimulation of beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle.

Headaches. This is another possible side effect of bronchodilators. It can be due to the dilation of blood vessels in the brain, as these medications not only act on the airways but can also affect other smooth muscles in the body.

An abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia). Bronchodilators, especially those that are beta-2 agonists, can cause tachycardia because they stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which are also found in the heart, leading to increased heart rate and force of contraction.

 

References

• Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health.
• Adams, M. P., & Urban, C. Q. (2019). Pharmacology: Connections to Nursing Practice (4th ed.). Pearson.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Bronchodilators. In the management of an acute asthma attack, bronchodilators are the first-line treatment. They work by relaxing the smooth muscles around the airways (bronchi) and opening up the airways, thereby improving airflow and reducing wheezing. The most common types of bronchodilators used in asthma are short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs), such as albuterol.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Oral corticosteroids. While these medications can be highly effective in reducing inflammation and swelling in the airways, they are not the first choice for immediate relief during an acute asthma attack. They are used in severe asthma exacerbations and take several hours to days to have an effect.

Beta-adrenergic blockers. These are not used in the treatment of asthma and can actually worsen asthma symptoms. Beta blockers can cause bronchoconstriction, the exact opposite effect needed for an asthma attack.

Inhaled corticosteroids. These are used as a long-term control medication to reduce inflammation in the airways over time, not for immediate relief during an acute asthma attack.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Rebar, C. R., & Heimgartner, N. M. (2018). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Inflamed, sensitive, and swollen linings of the airway. In patients with asthma, one of the key characteristic features of the disease is inflammation of the airways. The airways in individuals with asthma are often inflamed, sensitive, and swollen, even in the absence of obvious symptoms. This inflammation can cause the airways to react strongly to various triggers, leading to an asthma attack. Triggers can include allergens (like dust mites, pollen, mold, and pet dander), irritants (like smoke, pollution, and strong odors), respiratory infections, exercise, stress, and weather changes.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Feeble respiratory effort. This option isn't typical for an asthma patient. During an asthma attack, the effort to breathe is often increased, not feeble, due to difficulty moving air in and out of the lungs. This may be perceived as difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.

The presence of malignant growth within the airway. Asthma does not typically involve malignant growth within the airway. While a person with asthma could also develop a malignant growth, this would be an independent issue not directly related to the asthma.

An elevated and irregular heart rate. While a severe asthma attack can indeed lead to an elevated heart rate (tachycardia) due to hypoxia and the body's stress response, an irregular heart rate isn't typically a direct symptom of asthma. Heart irregularities would be more likely related to a cardiac condition.

 

References

• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2018). Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Avoiding exposure to second-hand smoke, breastfeeding during infancy, and avoiding allergens. Each of these factors has been associated with a lower risk of developing asthma.

• Avoiding exposure to second-hand smoke: Second-hand smoke, especially from tobacco, can damage the lungs and has been associated with a higher risk of asthma in children.
• Breastfeeding during infancy: Some studies suggest that breastfeeding may offer some protection against asthma, although the evidence is not entirely clear. Breastfeeding supports the development of a healthy immune system, which could potentially reduce the risk of asthma.
• Avoiding allergens: Exposure to certain allergens, such as dust mites, mold, pet dander, and pollen, can increase the risk of developing asthma, especially in individuals who have a genetic predisposition to the condition. Reducing exposure to these allergens may help prevent asthma.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Taking medication for related diseases, avoiding sedentary behavior, and avoiding exposure to second-hand smoke. While avoiding second-hand smoke is a good prevention strategy, the other two elements aren't clearly associated with primary prevention of asthma. Although keeping active and maintaining good overall health is beneficial, there's limited evidence that specifically links sedentary behavior with the development of asthma.

Breastfeeding during infancy, living at least 20 km outside of a major city, and spending at least 3 hours outdoors each day for oxygen. The specifics about living 20 km outside of a major city and spending a certain amount of time outdoors each day are not supported by direct scientific evidence in asthma prevention.

Avoiding household pets, preventing obesity, and avoiding allergens. While preventing obesity and avoiding allergens can help, avoiding all household pets is not necessarily an effective or feasible primary prevention strategy for asthma. The relationship between pet exposure and asthma is complex and can be influenced by various factors, such as the type of pet and the individual's genetic predisposition to allergies.

 

References

• Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, et al. (2012). Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 129(4):735-744.
• Lodge CJ, Tan DJ, Lau MX, et al. (2015). Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr, 104(467):38-53.
• Tovey ER, Almqvist C, Li Q, et al. (2008). Nonlinear relationship of mite allergen exposure to mite sensitization and asthma in a birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 122(1):114-118.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Methacholine. A bronchoprovocation test, also known as a methacholine challenge test, is commonly used to evaluate airway hyperresponsiveness, a characteristic feature of asthma. Methacholine is a synthetic choline ester that acts as a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist in the parasympathetic nervous system. It causes bronchoconstriction and is used in the diagnosis of asthma because people with asthma will react to lower concentrations of methacholine than those without the condition.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. It is not used in bronchoprovocation tests.

Prednisolone. Prednisolone is a type of corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation in conditions such as asthma. It is not used in bronchoprovocation tests as it does not cause bronchoconstriction but rather reduces it.

Ipratropium bromide. Ipratropium bromide is an anticholinergic medication used to open the airways in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. It would not be suitable for a bronchoprovocation test as it does not cause bronchoconstriction, but instead, relaxes the muscles around the airways.

 

References

• Coates, A. L., Wanger, J., Cockcroft, D. W., Culver, B. H., Carlsen, K. H., Diamant, Z., ... & Polgar, G. (2017). ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. European Respiratory Journal, 49(5).
• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 120(5 Suppl), S94.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A pneumothorax, or a collapsed lung. In the midst of a severe acute asthma attack, a chest X-ray can be a valuable tool to rule out other significant conditions that might mimic or compound the situation. A pneumothorax, or collapsed lung, is one such condition. During a severe asthma attack, the extreme pressure changes in the chest caused by difficulty exhaling can lead to a small tear in the lung tissue, allowing air to escape into the chest cavity. This air applies pressure to the outside of the lung, potentially causing partial or even full lung collapse – a pneumothorax. A pneumothorax can be life-threatening and would require immediate medical intervention.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A malignant growth in the lung. While a chest X-ray can indeed help identify a malignant growth in the lung, it's less likely to be an immediate concern during an acute asthma attack. This doesn't mean that it's unimportant, but it's less likely to be the cause of acute symptoms. Malignancies usually present with a different set of symptoms and develop over a longer period.

A pleural effusion, an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural space. Pleural effusions can also be detected via chest X-ray, but like malignancies, they are usually associated with other symptoms and conditions and develop over time. They're less likely to be the cause of acute asthma symptoms.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic condition characterized by long-term damage to the airways and lungs, leading to a gradual decline in lung function. It wouldn't typically be the cause of an acute asthma attack, although a patient could have both conditions. While chest X-rays can sometimes show signs consistent with COPD, such as hyperinflation of the lungs, the condition is often better diagnosed with pulmonary function tests.

 

References

• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2018). Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Murphy, R. L., Jr. (2020). Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Butterworths; Boston.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A persistent condition affecting the respiratory system. Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways of the lungs. During an asthma episode, the airways narrow and become inflamed, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It's considered a long-term disease that requires ongoing management, not a minor health concern with few symptoms or complications.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A disorder impacting the digestive system. This is incorrect. Asthma is a respiratory disease, not a digestive disorder.

A condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood. This is not accurate. This description better fits a condition like heart failure. Asthma pertains to the respiratory system, not the circulatory system.

A minor health concern with few symptoms or complications. This is not correct. Asthma can be a serious health concern if not properly managed, with potentially severe symptoms and complications, including life-threatening asthma attacks.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Diligently use her prescribed medicines. Properly managing asthma involves several key components, one of the most critical being regular and diligent use of prescribed medications. Asthma medications, typically including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, help control inflammation in the airways and prevent or alleviate asthma attacks. This regular usage assists in maintaining long-term control over asthma symptoms and prevents acute exacerbations.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Disregard dietary control. While diet is not a direct cause of asthma, certain foods can trigger asthma symptoms in some people, and a healthy diet can contribute to overall health and wellbeing. People with asthma should avoid food allergens if they are known to exacerbate their symptoms, and a balanced diet can help to enhance immune function and general health.

Overutilize her asthma medication. Overusing asthma medication, particularly short-acting bronchodilators, can lead to an increase in the frequency and severity of asthma symptoms. It may also cause side effects, such as palpitations, tremors, and potentially serious issues like cardiac arrhythmias. The key is to use medications as prescribed by the healthcare provider.

Take up smoking. Smoking is harmful to everyone, but especially to those with asthma. It irritates the airways and can cause or exacerbate asthma symptoms. It also decreases the effectiveness of asthma medications. Hence, it is strongly advised to avoid smoking and second-hand smoke exposure in asthma patients.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GINA-2020-report_20_06_04-1-wms.pdf
• Kew, K. M., & Dahri, K. (2016). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(1), CD011721. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011721.pub2

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, asthma is indeed caused by inflammation of the airways in the lungs. Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways in the lungs that involves a combination of two major processes: inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Inflammation in the airways makes them swollen, leading to less air being able to pass through. This causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, and coughing. The inflammation can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including allergens, irritants, infections, exercise, and stress.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, asthma is not caused by inflammation of the airways in the lungs. This statement is incorrect. The fundamental underlying feature of asthma is inflammation of the airways, leading to their constriction and increased mucus production. This inflammation causes the airways to become narrow and obstructed, making it harder for air to pass through and leading to the symptoms of asthma.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3).

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Presence of swelling in Emma's lower extremities. Swelling in the lower extremities is not typically associated with an asthma attack and would not be useful in determining its severity. It could be a symptom of other health problems, such as a heart or kidney condition, but it does not directly relate to the severity of an acute asthma attack.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Emma's ability to finish sentences. This is an important factor to assess during an asthma attack. A decreased ability to speak or finish sentences can indicate severe respiratory distress, suggesting that the asthma attack is quite severe.

Emma's peak expiratory flow rate. The peak expiratory flow rate, which is the maximum speed of expiration, can provide valuable information about the severity of an asthma attack. A lower-than-normal peak expiratory flow rate can indicate significant airway obstruction, which is common in severe asthma attacks.

Emma's use of accessory muscles to aid in breathing. The use of accessory muscles (muscles not normally used for breathing, such as those in the neck) to aid in breathing can be a sign of respiratory distress and can indicate a severe asthma attack. This sign suggests that the person is working hard to breathe, which is not normal and indicates a potentially severe issue.

 

References

• Kew, K. M., & Dahri, K. (2016). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to combination long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS) versus LABA/ICS for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(1).
• The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. (2018). Clinical Practice Guideline on Asthma Acute.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

All of the choices listed. Outdoor triggers for asthma can vary widely and can indeed include all of the options listed.

• Weather and temperature changes can trigger asthma symptoms in some people. Cold air can cause the airways to spasm, leading to an asthma attack, and sudden changes in weather can also be a trigger.
• Pollen is a common outdoor trigger for asthma, particularly for individuals who have allergies. When these individuals inhale pollen, their immune system can overreact, causing an increase in inflammation and potentially leading to an asthma attack.
• Air pollution, including traffic fumes and smog, can irritate the airways and trigger an asthma attack. Small particulates in the air can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and exacerbating asthma symptoms.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

There are no incorrect options in this case, as all of the choices listed can indeed act as outdoor triggers for asthma.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma.
• American Lung Association. (2021). Asthma Triggers.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second (FEV1). FEV1 is the amount of air a person can forcefully exhale in the first second after taking a deep breath, and it is often measured before and after the administration of a medication that widens the airways (bronchodilator). If there is significant improvement in FEV1 after bronchodilator use, it suggests reversibility in airflow obstruction, which is a characteristic of asthma rather than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The Residual Volume (RV) refers to the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation. While it may be increased in conditions like COPD due to air trapping, it doesn't specifically assess the reversibility of airflow obstruction.

The Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) is a measure of the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled within one minute. It's more of an indicator of the strength and endurance of the respiratory muscles rather than reversibility in airflow obstruction.

The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) is the total amount of air a person can forcefully exhale after taking the deepest breath possible. It can help identify restrictive lung disease, but it doesn't specifically assess reversibility in airflow obstruction.

 

References

• Miller, M.R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., Coates, A., ... & Wanger, J. (2005). Standardization of spirometry. European Respiratory Journal, 26(2), 319-338.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2020). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Concepts for Interprofessional Collaborative Care, Single Volume. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

There is an escalation in airway obstruction. High-pitched wheezing that occurs throughout the entire exhalation is typically a sign of narrowed or obstructed airways. Wheezes are musical sounds produced primarily during expiration due to the oscillation of opposing airway walls and the velocity of airflow. In asthma, chronic inflammation leads to airway hyperresponsiveness, and triggers such as allergens, cold air, or exercise can lead to bronchospasm, edema, and mucus production which further narrow the airways. When these airways become more obstructed, wheezing may become more pronounced, and extend throughout the entire exhalation, indicating a severe condition.

✔️ Imagine listening to a musical instrument, like a flute or a guitar. A change in pitch can dramatically alter the sound and the mood of the piece. Similarly, in a clinical scenario, changes in the pitch of respiratory sounds can provide significant clues about the condition of a patient's airways, revealing whether the obstruction has decreased or increased.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

There is a reduction in airway obstruction. This statement is incorrect because the situation described represents an increase, not a decrease in airway obstruction. The wheezing becoming high-pitched and extending through the entire exhalation signifies an increase in the severity of the obstruction.

He needs to undergo suctioning. Suctioning is typically used when a patient is unable to clear their own airways, such as if there is excess mucus or a foreign object. In this case, the issue is related to narrowing of the airways due to bronchospasm and inflammation, not a blockage that suctioning would resolve.

He is showing signs of rapid breathing or hyperventilation. While asthmatics may breathe rapidly during an attack, the high-pitched wheezes throughout the entire exhalation are more indicative of an increase in airway obstruction, not necessarily an increase in respiratory rate. Hyperventilation refers to a high rate of breathing, which may result in low levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, and while this could occur in asthma, it's not what the symptoms described primarily indicate.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M. M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., Rebar, C. R., & Heimgartner, N. M. (2018). Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Fast heartbeat, feelings of nausea and vomiting, heart palpitations, inability to sleep, restlessness, and seizures. Bronchodilators, such as beta-agonists used for the treatment of asthma, work by relaxing the muscles around the airways to improve airflow, but they can also cause a variety of side effects. These can include a fast heartbeat, feelings of nausea and vomiting, heart palpitations, inability to sleep, restlessness, and in severe cases, seizures.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Impaired vision, accelerated heart rate, high blood pressure, headaches, sleeplessness, and decreased urine output. While some of these symptoms, such as an accelerated heart rate, high blood pressure, headaches, and sleeplessness, can indeed be side effects of bronchodilators, impaired vision and decreased urine output are not typical side effects of these medications.

Fast heartbeat, headache, shortness of breath, temperature of 101°F, and wheezing sounds. While a fast heartbeat and headache can be side effects of bronchodilators, the presence of shortness of breath, a high temperature, and wheezing sounds are more indicative of an asthma attack or an infection, rather than being direct side effects of the medication.

Feelings of restlessness, insomnia, blurred vision, high blood pressure, chest pain, and muscle weakness. Some of these symptoms, like feelings of restlessness, insomnia, and high blood pressure, can indeed be side effects of bronchodilators. However, blurred vision and muscle weakness are not common side effects. Chest pain might be a severe side effect indicating a serious cardiac event, which requires immediate medical attention.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.
• Partridge, M. R., van der Molen, T., Myrseth, S. E., & Busse, W. W. (2006). Attitudes and actions of asthma patients on regular maintenance therapy: the INSPIRE study. BMC pulmonary medicine, 6(1), 13.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Mild Persistent. The child's asthma can be classified as mild persistent based on the frequency of his symptoms and his use of a rescue inhaler. In mild persistent asthma, symptoms occur more than twice a week, but not daily, and nighttime symptoms occur 3-4 times per month. The child's symptoms, which include using his Albuterol Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) once every two weeks and waking up with coughing 2-3 times per week at night, fit into this category.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Intermittent. In intermittent asthma, symptoms occur less than twice a week, and nighttime symptoms less than twice a month. The child's symptoms are too frequent for this classification.

Severe Persistent. In severe persistent asthma, symptoms occur throughout the day on most days and frequently at night. The child's symptoms are not severe enough for this classification.

Moderate Persistent. In moderate persistent asthma, symptoms occur daily, and nighttime symptoms more than once a week. The child's symptoms are not frequent enough for this classification.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma.
• American Lung Association. (2021). Asthma Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Management.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

No, people with asthma can still engage in physical activities with appropriate management. Many people with asthma are able to participate fully in sports and physical activities. It is essential, however, to manage the condition properly. This management includes taking prescribed medication, monitoring symptoms, and having an asthma action plan. When asthma is well-controlled, it should not restrict participation in physical activity. In fact, regular physical activity can improve lung function and overall health in individuals with asthma.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Yes, asthma sufferers should avoid all physical activities. This statement is not accurate. With appropriate management, individuals with asthma can continue to participate in physical activities and even excel in sports.

 

References

• Eichenberger, P. A., Diener, S. N., Kofmehl, R., & Spengler, C. M. (2013). Effects of exercise training on airway hyperreactivity in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 43(11), 1157-1170.
• National Asthma Council Australia. (2020). Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.1. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne. http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Inflammation of the airways. Inflammation of the airways is a characteristic feature of persistent asthma. Persistent asthma is a type of asthma where symptoms are present more often, and the inflammation of the airways is more constant. This inflammation can cause the airways to become sensitive to certain inhaled substances, leading to asthma symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A family history of the disease. While having a family history of asthma can increase one's risk of developing the condition, it is not a characteristic feature of persistent asthma specifically.

Nocturnal wheezing. Nocturnal wheezing can occur in any type of asthma, not just persistent asthma. Additionally, not all individuals with persistent asthma will experience nocturnal wheezing.

The necessity for oral steroids. The need for oral steroids suggests a more severe asthma exacerbation, but it's not a defining characteristic of persistent asthma. Some individuals with persistent asthma may manage their symptoms effectively with other types of medication, such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma.
• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., Harding, M., Kwong, J., & Roberts, D. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, perfumes and cleaning products can indeed trigger an asthma attack. Perfumes, cleaning products, and other strong odors can indeed trigger asthma attacks in some individuals. These substances can irritate the airways, leading to bronchospasm and other asthmatic symptoms. This is particularly true for individuals who have allergic asthma or a condition called "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity" (MCS). However, it's important to note that not everyone with asthma is sensitive to these substances, and triggers can vary from person to person.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, perfumes and cleaning products don't trigger asthma attacks. This statement is not entirely accurate. While it's true that not every person with asthma will have their symptoms triggered by perfumes or cleaning products, for some, these substances can indeed act as asthma triggers. It's essential to understand individual triggers to effectively manage asthma symptoms.

 

References

• Kumar, P., Caradonna-Graham, V. M., Gupta, S., Cai, X., Rao, P. N., & Thompson, J. (1995). Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 75(5), 429-433.
• Millqvist, E., Bengtsson, U., & Lowhagen, O. (1999). Provocations with perfume in the eyes induce airway symptoms in patients with sensory hyperreactivity. Allergy, 54(5), 495-499.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

It usually manifests between 2 am and 4 am. Nocturnal asthma, also known as nighttime asthma, involves the worsening of asthma symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath during the night. This commonly occurs between 2 am and 4 am due to circadian variations in the body, specifically, lower levels of the hormones epinephrine and cortisol which have bronchodilating and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Nocturnal asthma is a myth; it doesn't exist. Nocturnal asthma is a recognized phenomenon where asthma symptoms worsen at night.

It usually occurs early in the night.  Although asthma symptoms can worsen anytime during the night, the peak period is typically between 2 am and 4 am.

It typically happens close to dawn.  Although symptoms can occur towards the dawn, the peak period of symptoms is typically between 2 am and 4 am.

 

References

• Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2020). Asthma Facts and Figures.
• Barnes PJ. (1998). "Nocturnal Asthma." Chest. 93(1):68-75.
• Martin RJ, Banks-Schlegel S. (1998). "Pathogenesis of nocturnal asthma." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. 4(2): 98-102.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Alex's asthma is a result of a viral infection. While viral infections can indeed trigger asthma symptoms or an asthma attack, they are not the cause of allergic asthma. Allergic asthma, as the name suggests, is triggered by exposure to specific allergens, such as dust mites, pet dander, or pollen. These allergens cause an immune response leading to inflammation and constriction of the airways.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Alex's asthma is provoked by specific allergens, such as dust mites and pollen. This statement accurately describes a characteristic of allergic asthma. Exposure to allergens can trigger an immune response leading to the symptoms of asthma.

Alex experiences bronchoconstriction and inflammation of the airways. This statement is correct. In allergic asthma, the immune system responds to inhaled allergens by releasing substances that cause inflammation in the airways. This inflammation leads to the tightening of the muscles around the airways (bronchoconstriction), which is a key feature of an asthma attack.

Alex's asthma began during his childhood or adolescence. This is also accurate. While asthma can start at any age, allergic asthma often starts in childhood or adolescence.

 

References

• Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. (2015). Asthma Facts and Figures.
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

No, staff who smoke during their personal time can indeed harm children with asthma. Even if staff members are not smoking around children, the residue of smoke (often termed "third-hand smoke") can cling to their clothing, hair, and other personal items. When they interact with children, especially those with asthma, this residue can become an asthma trigger. Second-hand and third-hand smoke exposure can lead to asthma exacerbation, even if the individual is not actively smoking in the presence of the child. Therefore, it's beneficial for anyone working closely with children, particularly those with respiratory conditions like asthma, to abstain from smoking.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Yes, staff who smoke during their personal time cannot harm children with asthma. This is incorrect. As explained, third-hand smoke, the residue left by smoking, can remain on clothing and personal items and can potentially trigger asthma symptoms in children. It's important to note that this risk exists even if staff members are conscientious about not smoking in the presence of children.

 

References

• Winickoff, J. P., Friebely, J., Tanski, S. E., Sherrod, C., Matt, G. E., Hovell, M. F., & McMillen, R. C. (2009). Beliefs About the Health Effects of “Thirdhand” Smoke and Home Smoking Bans. Pediatrics, 123(1), e74-e79.
• Burke, H., Leonardi-Bee, J., Hashim, A., Pine-Abata, H., Chen, Y., Cook, D. G., Britton, J. R., & McKeever, T. M. (2012). Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 129(4), 735-744.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes. Asthma can indeed be life-threatening. Asthma is a chronic disease that inflames and narrows the airways in the lungs, which leads to wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. During an asthma attack, the smooth muscles around the bronchi contract, causing the airways to narrow and reducing the flow of air into and out of the lungs. If left untreated, severe asthma attacks can be life-threatening due to the potential for severe respiratory distress and oxygen deprivation to the body's tissues.

As with the case of young Oliver, immediate treatment in an emergency setting is crucial during an intense asthma attack. Healthcare professionals, such as Clara, administer treatments like inhaled bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids to relax and open the airways, reducing inflammation and allowing Oliver to breathe more easily.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No. Claiming that asthma cannot be life-threatening is incorrect. Asthma attacks vary in severity, and while some may be mild and manageable, others can escalate quickly and become dangerous. Severe asthma attacks can lead to respiratory failure, a life-threatening condition. Therefore, all symptoms of asthma should be taken seriously, and patients should seek immediate medical care if symptoms do not improve with the use of their prescribed rescue medication.

To prevent life-threatening situations, asthma management includes long-term control medications, an action plan for flare-ups, regular check-ups, and avoiding triggers, such as allergens and strenuous exercise in cold weather.

 

References

• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. (2007). Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., Workman, M. L., & Rebar, C. R. (2018). Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional collaborative care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The conduction of a spirometry test to assess the volume and flow of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry is a common test used in diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect lung function, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It measures how much air you can inhale and exhale, as well as how quickly you can exhale. While it's useful for determining the extent of airway obstruction, it doesn't provide information about inflammation in the airways.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The analysis of eosinophil levels in the sputum. Elevated eosinophil levels in sputum can indicate inflammation in the airways, often seen in conditions such as asthma or eosinophilic bronchitis. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that increases in response to inflammation or infection.

The procurement and examination of a biopsy from the bronchial mucosa. A biopsy from the bronchial mucosa can show signs of inflammation if present. Histological examination can reveal inflammatory cells and structural changes in the airway tissue, providing direct evidence of inflammation.

The performance of a bronchoalveolar lavage, a procedure that involves washing out the bronchial tree and retrieving the washings for examination. Bronchoalveolar lavage is a procedure where a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into the lungs, and a measured amount of fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung then collected for examination. The collected sample can contain inflammatory cells and other markers of inflammation.

 

References

• Graham, B. L., Steenbruggen, I., Miller, M. R., Barjaktarevic, I. Z., Cooper, B. G., Hall, G. L., Hallstrand, T. S., Kaminsky, D. A., McCarthy, K., McCormack, M. C., Oropez, C. E., Rosenfeld, M., Stanojevic, S., Swanney, M. P., & Thompson, B. R. (2019). Standardization of Spirometry 2019 Update. An Official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society Technical Statement. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 200(8), e70–e88.
• Lommatzsch, M., & Stoll, P. (2019). Severe Asthma: Definition, Diagnosis and Treatment. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 116(50), 847–855.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

No, inhaled steroids at prescribed dosages typically do not lead to major side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are one of the mainstay treatments for persistent asthma, as they help to reduce inflammation in the airways. When taken at recommended dosages, they typically have fewer systemic side effects than oral corticosteroids because they are delivered directly to the lungs, which limits their impact on the rest of the body. However, some local side effects can occur, such as hoarseness and oral thrush, which can often be mitigated by rinsing the mouth after use.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Yes, inhaled steroids, even at recommended dosages, may result in major side effects. This is typically not the case. Although any medication can potentially cause side effects, the incidence of significant side effects from inhaled corticosteroids at recommended dosages is relatively low.

 

References

• National Asthma Council Australia. (2020). Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.1. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne. http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Uncontrolled contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which can make it difficult to breathe. The main physiological alteration in the progression of asthma is uncontrolled contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle. This occurs when the airways are exposed to a trigger, such as allergens, cold air, or exercise. The trigger causes the airways to become inflamed and swollen, which makes it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Overproduction of unusually thick and sticky lung secretions. This is more characteristic of cystic fibrosis, a different respiratory disease.

Inflammation of bronchioles leading to shortness of breath. While inflammation is indeed a part of asthma pathophysiology, it's not the primary event leading to symptoms. The main cause of symptoms in asthma is the bronchospasm caused by uncontrolled contraction of bronchial smooth muscle.

Infection-driven processes resulting in swelling of the mucus lining. Infections can exacerbate asthma symptoms but are not the primary cause of asthma's physiological changes.

 

References

• Papiris, S., Kotanidou, A., Malagari, K., & Roussos, C. (2002). Clinical review: severe asthma. Critical Care, 6(1), 30.
• Bousquet, J., & Jeffery, P. K. (2000). Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 161(5), 1720-1745.
• Akuthota, P., & Weller, P. F. (2012). Eosinophilic pneumonias. Clinical microbiology reviews, 25(4), 649-660.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Absolutely, it's a plausible consideration. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can indeed be a contributing factor to poorly managed asthma. GERD is a condition in which stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation. In some people, the refluxed stomach contents may reach the larynx or lungs, potentially triggering an asthma attack. This is particularly true when the GERD symptoms worsen at night due to the horizontal body position, which may explain the exacerbation of Marianne's asthma symptoms during sleep.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, it's an unrelated concern. This statement is not accurate. GERD can indeed exacerbate asthma symptoms and make the condition more difficult to manage.

 

References

• Harding, S. M. (2003). Gastroesophageal reflux and asthma: insight into the association. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 112(2), 271-288.
• National Asthma Council Australia. (2020). Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.1. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne. http://www.asthmahandbook.org.au

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, cockroaches may indeed act as a catalyst for asthma attacks. Cockroach allergens, found in cockroach feces, saliva, and body parts, can trigger asthma symptoms or an asthma attack in individuals with asthma who are allergic to these allergens. In certain urban environments, cockroach allergens can be a significant factor contributing to asthma severity. Hence, it's recommended that patients with asthma manage potential allergens in their environment, which could include addressing a cockroach infestation.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, cockroaches cannot precipitate asthma attacks. This is incorrect. Exposure to cockroach allergens is recognized as a possible trigger for asthma symptoms and exacerbations in sensitized individuals.

 

References

• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2012). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/guidelines-for-diagnosis-management-of-asthma
• American Lung Association. (2021). Asthma Triggers. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/living-with-asthma/managing-asthma/asthma-triggers

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, allergens such as pollen and animal fur can indeed trigger asthma. Asthma triggers can differ from person to person, but some of the most common include airborne substances like pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, or particles of cockroach waste. In some people, asthma can be triggered by exposure to certain pets, particularly cats and dogs, due to proteins found in their skin cells, saliva, and urine.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, allergens like pollen and animal fur do not trigger asthma. This statement is incorrect. Pollen and animal fur are well-recognized triggers for asthma in many individuals.

 

References

• Mayo Clinic. (2021). Asthma. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653
• American Lung Association. (2020). Asthma Triggers. Retrieved from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/asthma/living-with-asthma/managing-asthma/triggers

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

"We will ensure that he avoids physical activities to prevent asthma attacks." Physical activity is actually beneficial for children with asthma and should not be avoided. Regular exercise can improve lung function and overall health, making it an important part of asthma management. Encouraging Tommy to participate in suitable physical activities, with adequate precautions and under the supervision of a healthcare professional, will contribute to his well-being. Tommy's parents can work with his healthcare team to create an asthma action plan that includes exercise and outlines what to do during an asthma attack.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

"We'll encourage him to drink more fluids frequently to help make his respiratory secretions less thick." This statement is correct. Increased fluid intake can help keep respiratory secretions thin and easier to clear, which is beneficial in managing asthma.

"We're keen to identify potential triggers for his asthma flare-ups to minimize exposure." This statement is also correct. Identifying and avoiding potential triggers for asthma flare-ups is a key part of managing asthma.

"He needs to use his bronchodilator inhaler first, then his steroid inhaler." This statement is correct as well. The bronchodilator inhaler is used first to open up the airways, making the steroid inhaler more effective. The steroid inhaler helps to reduce inflammation over time, helping to control asthma symptoms in the long term.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma Care Quick Reference: Diagnosing and Managing Asthma. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• Rank, M. A., & Wollan, P. C. (2020). Asthma in the Pediatric Patient: Principles of Diagnosis and Treatment. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 67(4), 589–606.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Boys aged 10-14 years & women aged 20-24 years. Asthma prevalence varies across age and gender. Boys have a higher prevalence of asthma compared to girls during childhood, particularly in the 10-14 years age group. This is believed to be due to the smaller size of airways in boys compared to girls of the same age. In the case of adults, women have a higher prevalence of asthma than men, particularly in the 20-24 years age group. The reasons for this are multifactorial, including hormonal influences, differences in lung size, and potentially other environmental and genetic factors.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Boys aged 15-19 years & girls aged 10-14 years.  Although the prevalence of asthma is higher in boys during childhood, it usually peaks earlier, around 10-14 years. In girls, the prevalence of asthma tends to increase after puberty.

Men aged 25-44 years & girls aged 10-14 years. While girls aged 10-14 years have a significant prevalence of asthma, it's usually lower than that of boys in the same age group. Men aged 25-44 years have a lower prevalence of asthma compared to women in the same age group.

Men aged 20-24 years & women aged 25-44 years. Although the prevalence of asthma in women aged 25-44 years is high, it tends to peak earlier, around 20-24 years. Men in the 20-24 years age group generally have a lower prevalence of asthma than women.

 

References

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Most Recent National Asthma Data.
• World Health Organization. (2017). Asthma Fact sheet.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Children. Asthma is most commonly diagnosed in children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), asthma is the leading chronic disease in children. It often starts in childhood and can persist into adulthood. The prevalence of asthma is higher in children compared to adults, and it is more common in boys than in girls during childhood; however, in adulthood, it is more common in women than men.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Elderly. Although asthma can affect individuals at any age, its onset is less common in the elderly compared to children.

Adults. Asthma is less commonly diagnosed for the first time in adulthood. However, some adults may continue to have asthma that began in childhood.

Teens. Teens are less likely to be diagnosed with asthma than younger children, although it can certainly occur or persist from childhood into the teen years.

 

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Most Recent Asthma Data. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data.htm
• The Global Asthma Network. (2018). The Global Asthma Report 2018. http://www.globalasthmareport.org/Global%20Asthma%20Report%202018.pdf

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A reliever is used to alleviate asthma attacks. In the management of asthma, 'relievers' are quick-acting medications designed to relieve symptoms during an asthma attack or flare-up. They work by relaxing the muscles around the bronchi (airways), which allows the airways to open wider and makes breathing easier. Examples of reliever medications include short-acting beta-agonists like albuterol.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A preventer is used to alleviate asthma attacks. This is not correct. 'Preventers', also known as controller medications, are used on a regular, long-term basis to control chronic symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. They work by reducing the inflammation and sensitivity of the airways, making them less likely to react to triggers. Preventers are not designed to relieve symptoms during an acute asthma attack. Examples of preventer medications include inhaled corticosteroids like budesonide.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention.
• National Asthma Council Australia. (2019). Australian Asthma Handbook – Quick Reference Guide.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

These symptoms collectively indicate a likely diagnosis of asthma. The symptoms mentioned -- persistent coughing, audible wheezing during exhalation, a feeling of chest tightness, labored breathing, and restless sleep due to breathlessness -- are all characteristic signs of asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing. These symptoms can be intermittent and vary in severity. They can also be triggered or worsened by various factors, such as allergens, cold air, exercise, or respiratory infections.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

These symptoms do not align with the typical indicators of asthma. This is incorrect. The symptoms provided align very well with the typical presentation of asthma.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Understanding the link between her asthma symptoms and specific triggers, like physical exercise. One of the critical parts of managing asthma involves understanding and avoiding triggers that can exacerbate the condition. Education should focus on helping Jessa and her family identify potential asthma triggers (such as allergens, physical exercise, cold air, etc.), and develop strategies to avoid or minimize exposure to these triggers. Jessa should also be taught how to recognize early signs of an asthma exacerbation and what to do if symptoms worsen.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The restrictions in sports activities imposed by her asthma condition. While some forms of physical exertion can trigger asthma symptoms, a diagnosis of asthma doesn't necessarily mean Jessa needs to avoid all sports or physical activities. With appropriate management, including the use of medications as prescribed, many people with asthma can fully participate in physical activities. This point should be clarified to avoid creating unnecessary fears or restrictions in Jessa's activities.

Detailed instructions on maintaining calm during an asthma attack. While it's important for Jessa to remain calm during an asthma attack, this shouldn't be the main focus of the education. Managing asthma involves more than just maintaining calm during an attack; it also requires understanding the disease, its triggers, and the appropriate use of medications.

Information on the frequency of status asthmaticus in children and teenagers. While understanding the seriousness of severe asthma exacerbations like status asthmaticus is important, it's more crucial for Jessa and her family to know how to prevent such exacerbations from occurring. This involves managing her asthma effectively on a day-to-day basis, including taking her medication as prescribed and avoiding asthma triggers.

 

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2020). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3).

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

An ongoing inflammatory condition of the respiratory tract, characterized by sporadic episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptoms described by Samantha - shortness of breath, a tight chest, coughing, and especially the new symptom of wheezing - are classic indicators of asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition where your airways narrow, swell and produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. In some cases, symptoms are only present during certain situations, such as exercise-induced asthma or allergy-induced asthma.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A localized and irreversible expansion of a section of the bronchial tree, consequent to the destruction of muscle and elastic tissue. This option refers to bronchiectasis, a condition where damage to the airways leads to their widening and inability to clear out mucus. While it may cause similar symptoms like shortness of breath and coughing, it's often associated with recurrent infections and the production of large amounts of sputum, neither of which are mentioned in Samantha's case.

A recurring cough that leads to the production of sputum and mucus for at least three months a year for two consecutive years. This option describes chronic bronchitis, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by inflammation of the bronchi and excessive mucus production. Samantha's symptoms don't specifically mention long-term or excessive mucus production.

The deflation and subsequent closure of the alveoli, leading to impaired or absent gas exchange that could affect a portion or the entirety of the lung. This option refers to atelectasis, a condition where part or all of a lung collapses, preventing the intake of oxygen into the body. While it can cause shortness of breath, it's more typically associated with acute events such as lung surgery or a blocked airway, rather than the sporadic symptoms described by Samantha.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2021). Medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

No, it's not necessary to ban all classroom pets to prevent asthma triggers. While it's true that some individuals with asthma may be allergic to certain animals and their dander can trigger asthma symptoms, it doesn't mean that all classroom pets need to be banned. Asthma triggers can be highly individual and not all people with asthma will be triggered by animals. For some students, exposure to classroom pets might not cause any problems. It's important to know the specific allergens that affect students with asthma in the school. A blanket ban might not be necessary; instead, accommodations could be made on a case-by-case basis for students known to have pet allergies or asthma.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Yes, all classroom pets should be banned to prevent possible asthma triggers. This action may not be necessary and could potentially limit learning opportunities related to caring for animals and understanding animal behavior. It's also important to note that the presence of pets may not always worsen asthma symptoms, and there may be other triggers in the classroom environment such as dust, mold, or certain cleaning products that could also affect students with asthma.

 

References

• Ownby, D. R., Johnson, C. C., & Peterson, E. L. (2002). Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. Jama, 288(8), 963-972.
• Takkouche, B., González-Barcala, F. J., Etminan, M., & Fitzgerald, M. (2008). Exposure to furry pets and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. Allergy, 63(7), 857-864.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Initially examine the frequency of prescription refills required by the child over the previous six months. Assessing the frequency of prescription refills provides Nurse Miranda with a measure of how frequently the child's asthma symptoms have been severe enough to warrant the use of a rescue inhaler. For instance, if the child is frequently refilling a prescription for a rescue medication like albuterol, it may indicate that the child's asthma is not well-controlled. This approach also allows Miranda to evaluate adherence to the treatment plan.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Initially track the child's height progression on a growth chart. While it's important to monitor a child's overall growth as a part of holistic health assessment, this doesn't directly inform Miranda about the effectiveness of the child's asthma treatment. Although some medications like corticosteroids may impact growth, it's not typically the first-line parameter to check when evaluating asthma control.

Initially determine the number of times the child has visited the pediatrician in the last six months. While this might provide some insight into the child's overall health, it doesn't necessarily reflect the control of asthma, as visits could be due to other reasons unrelated to asthma.

Initially check the child's weight progression on a growth chart. Similar to tracking the child's height, monitoring weight is an integral part of assessing a child's overall health but doesn't directly inform about the effectiveness of asthma management.

 

References

• National Asthma Council Australia. (2019). Australian Asthma Handbook, Version 2.1. National Asthma Council Australia, Melbourne.
• Kliegman, R. M., St. Geme, J. W., Blum, N. J., Shah, S. S., Tasker, R. C., & Wilson, K. M. (2020). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (21st ed.). Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A disease related to a predisposition towards developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is often associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and variable airflow obstruction. People with asthma often experience symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. These symptoms can be triggered by various factors, including allergens, exercise, cold air, and viral respiratory infections. A predisposition towards developing certain allergic reactions is a well-known risk factor for asthma. The pathophysiology of asthma involves an inappropriate immune response, leading to inflammation and remodeling of the airways.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A condition triggered by the body's immune system attacking its own cells. This description fits autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis, rather than asthma. While the immune system plays a role in asthma, it does not attack its own cells as in autoimmune diseases.

A disease resulting from an invasion of microorganisms. This description aligns with infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens, like pneumonia or tuberculosis. Asthma is not caused by an invasion of microorganisms, although respiratory infections can trigger asthma symptoms.

A condition characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth. This description matches diseases like cancer. Asthma does not involve abnormal cell growth.

 

References

• Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., & Robbins, S. L. (2018). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. Chapter 13: The Lung.
• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2020). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier. Chapter 41: Oxygenation.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing are indeed symptoms of asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of symptoms such as wheezing (a whistling sound when breathing), coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms can vary in frequency and severity, and they may also change over time.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing are not symptoms of asthma. This statement is incorrect. These are, in fact, some of the common symptoms of asthma.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2020). Asthma. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
• Mayo Clinic. (2021). Asthma. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

All of the statements are true. All the statements are indeed true, reflecting the significant burden of asthma among children in the United States.

• One in every 10 school-aged children has asthma, leading to 10.5 million missed school days each year due to the condition. This statement emphasizes the prevalence of asthma among school-aged children and its impact on school attendance.
• Asthma ranks as the third most common cause of hospitalization among children under 15. This statement highlights the severity of the condition and the need for hospital care among children with asthma.
• Asthma is among the most prevalent chronic diseases nationwide, affecting the lives and families of over 7 million children. This statement underscores the wide-reaching impact of asthma, both on the individuals affected and their families.

 

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Most Recent National Asthma Data.
• American Lung Association. (2021). Asthma and Children Fact Sheet.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Yes, there's no single cause for asthma and currently, there's no cure for the disease. Asthma is a complex condition believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There isn't a singular identifiable cause, and the factors that trigger asthma can differ between individuals. The interactions between these factors can influence the onset, severity, and progression of the disease. At present, there is no cure for asthma, but with good management and appropriate medication, most individuals with asthma can lead normal, healthy lives.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

No, the statement is incorrect. This is not accurate. As explained, there is currently no single cause or cure for asthma. While the disease can be effectively managed with medications and lifestyle modifications, a definitive cure does not exist.

 

References

• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2021). Asthma. In: National Asthma Education and Prevention Program, Third Expert Panel on the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2007. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/asthma
• Global Initiative for Asthma. (2021). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. https://ginasthma.org/

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A weakened immune response. Children with a weakened immune response, often due to conditions like cancer, HIV/AIDS, or as a result of certain medications, may not be suitable candidates for some vaccines, especially live vaccines. This is because their immune system might not be able to mount an adequate response to the vaccine or, in rare cases, might not be able to control the replication of the live attenuated vaccine strains, leading to disease.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Mild sniffles or a slight cough. Generally, minor illnesses such as a cold or a mild cough are not contraindications for vaccination. If the child has a moderate or severe illness, the vaccination may be postponed until recovery.

A long-standing condition of asthma. Asthma is typically not a contraindication for immunization. However, if the child is having a severe asthma exacerbation, the vaccine might be postponed until the episode has resolved.

A known allergy to eggs. While some vaccines (like the influenza vaccine) contain small amounts of egg protein, most individuals with egg allergies can still receive these vaccines safely, according to current guidelines. However, if the child has had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to a vaccine in the past, that specific vaccine should be avoided.

 

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization: Contraindications and Precautions. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2021). Red Book: 2021-2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. https://redbook.solutions.aap.org/SS/Immunization_Schedules.aspx