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MSN Exam for Peripheral Vascular Diseases (PM)*
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Question 1
A client is admitted with a venous stasis leg ulcer. A nurse assesses the ulcer, expecting to note that the ulcer:
A
Has a pale colored base
B
Is deep, with even edges
C
Has little granulation tissue
D
Has brown pigmentation around it.
Question 1 Explanation:
Venous leg ulcers, also called stasis ulcers, tend to be more superficial than arterial ulcers, and the ulcer bed is pink. The edges of the ulcer are uneven, and granulation tissue is evident. The skin has a brown pigmentation from the accumulation of metabolic waste products resulting from venous stasis. The client also exhibits peripheral edema.
Options A, B, and C is due to tissue malnutrition; and thus us an arterial problem)
Question 2
A 24-year old man seeks medical attention for complaints of claudication in the arch of the foot. A nurse also notes superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower leg. The nurse would next assess the client for:
The mixture of arterial and venous manifestations (claudication and phlebitis, respectively) in the young male client suggests Buerger’s disease. This is an uncommon disorder characterized by inflammation and thrombosis of smaller arteries and veins. This disorder typically is found in young adult males who smoke. The cause is not known precisely but is suspected to have an autoimmune component.
Question 3
A client comes to the outpatient clinic and tells the nurse that he has had legs pains that begin when he walks but cease when he stops walking. Which of the following conditions would the nurse assess for?
A
An acute obstruction in the vessels of the legs
B
Peripheral vascular problems in both legs
C
Diabetes
D
Calcium deficiency
Question 3 Explanation:
Intermittent claudication is a condition that indicates vascular deficiencies in the peripheral vascular system.
Option A: If an obstruction were present, the leg pain would persist when the client stops walking.
Option D: Low calcium levels may cause leg cramps but would not necessarily be related to walking.
Question 4
The most important factor in regulating the caliber of blood vessels, which determines resistance to flow, is:
A
Hormonal secretion
B
Independent arterial wall activity.
C
The influence of circulating chemicals
D
The sympathetic nervous system
Question 5
With peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by:
A
Elevating the limb above heart level
B
Lowering the limb so it is dependent
C
Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses
D
Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body
Question 6
When caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin), the nurse knows not to expect therapeutic benefits for:
A
At least 12 hours
B
The first 24 hours
C
2-3 days
D
1 week
Question 7
A significant cause of venous thrombosis is:
A
Altered blood coagulation
B
Stasis of blood
C
Vessel wall injury
D
All of the above
Question 8
In preparation for discharge of a client with arterial insufficiency and Raynaud’s disease, client teaching instructions should include:
A
Walking several times each day as an exercise program.
B
Keeping the heat up so that the environment is warm
C
Wearing TED hose during the day
D
Using hydrotherapy for increasing oxygenation
Question 8 Explanation:
The client’s instructions should include keeping the environment warm to prevent vasoconstriction.
Option A: Walking would most likely increase pain.
Option C: Wearing gloves, warm clothes, and socks will also be useful when preventing vasoconstriction, but TED hose would not be therapeutic.
Question 9
Intravenous heparin therapy is ordered for a client. While implementing this order, a nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit?
A
Vitamin K
B
Aminocaproic acid
C
Potassium chloride
D
Protamine sulfate
Question 9 Explanation:
The antidote to heparin is protamine sulfate and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur
Question 10
Mike, a 43-year old construction worker, has a history of hypertension. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, is nervous about the possibility of being unemployed, and has difficulty coping with stress. His current concern is calf pain during minimal exercise that decreased with rest. The nurse assesses Mike’s symptoms as being associated with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The nursing diagnosis is probably:
A
Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation
B
Dysfunctional use of extremities related to muscle spasms
C
Impaired mobility related to stress associated with pain
D
Impairment in muscle use associated with pain on exertion.
Question 11
Buerger’s disease is characterized by all of the following except:
A
Arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion
B
Lipid deposits in the arteries
C
Redness or cyanosis in the limb when it is dependent
D
Venous inflammation and occlusion
Question 12
A nurse has an order to begin administering warfarin sodium (coumadin) to a client. While implementing this order, the nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit as the antidote for Coumadin?
A
Vitamin K
B
Aminocaproic acid
C
Potassium chloride
D
Protamine sulfate
Question 12 Explanation:
The antidote to warfarin (Coumadin) is Vitamin K and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur.
Question 13
Which technique is considered the gold standard for diagnosing DVT?
A
Ultrasound imaging
B
Venography
C
MRI
D
Doppler flow study
Question 14
A client who has been receiving heparin therapy also is started on warfarin sodium (coumadin). The client asks the nurse why both medications are being administered. In formulating a response, the nurse incorporates the understanding that warfarin sodium:
A
Stimulates the breakdown of specific clotting factors by the liver, and it takes 2-3 days for this is exhibit an anticoagulant effect.
B
Inhibits synthesis of specific clotting factors in the liver, and it takes 3 to 4 days for this medication to exert an anticoagulation effect.
C
Stimulates production of the body’s own thrombolytic substances, but it takes 2-4 days for it to begin.
D
Has the same mechanism action of heparin, and the crossover time is needed for the serum level of warfarin sodium to be therapeutic.
Question 14 Explanation:
Warfarin sodium works in the liver and inhibits synthesis of four vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (X, IX, VII, and II), but it takes 3 to 4 days before the therapeutic effect of warfarin is exhibited.
Question 15
Cancer can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
A
Blood coagulability
B
Vessel walls
C
Blood flow
D
Blood viscosity
Question 16
Not all clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms exhibit symptoms. Those who do describe a feeling of the “heart beating” in the abdomen when supine or be able to feel the mass throbbing. A pulsatile mass may be palpated in the middle and upper abdomen. A systolic bruit may be auscultated over the mass. Hyperactive bowel sounds are not related specifically to an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
A
Thrombosis and infection
B
Bleeding and infection
C
Bleeding and wound dehiscence.
D
Wound dehiscence and evisceration.
Question 16 Explanation:
After inferior vena cava insertion, the nurse inspects the surgical site for bleeding and signs and symptoms of infection. Otherwise, care is the same as for any post-op client.
Question 17
A nurse is assessing a client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following assessment findings by the nurse is probably unrelated to the aneurysm?
A
Pulsatile abdominal mass
B
Hyperactive bowel sounds in that area
C
Systolic bruit over the area of the mass
D
Subjective sensation of “heart beating” in the abdomen.
Question 17 Explanation:
Not all clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms exhibit symptoms.
Option A: A pulsatile mass may be palpated in the middle and upper abdomen.
Option C: A systolic bruit may be auscultated over the mass. Hyperactive bowel sounds are not related specifically to an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Option D: Those who do describe a feeling of the “heart beating” in the abdomen when supine or be able to feel the mass throbbing.
Question 18
Varicose veins can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
A
Blood coagulability
B
Vessel walls
C
Blood flow
D
Blood viscosity
Question 19
A nurse is assessing the neurovascular status of a client who returned to the surgical nursing unit 4 hours ago after undergoing aortoiliac bypass graft. The affected leg is warm, and the nurse notes redness and edema. The pedal pulse is palpable and unchanged from admission. The nurse interprets that the neurovascular status is:
A
Normal because of the increased blood flow through the leg
B
Slightly deteriorating and should be monitored for another hour
C
Moderately impaired, and the surgeon should be called.
D
Adequate from the arterial approach, but venous complications are arising.
Question 19 Explanation:
An expected outcome of surgery is warmth, redness, and edema in the surgical extremity because of increased blood flow. All other answer choices are incorrect interpretations.
Question 20
Which of the following characteristics is typical of the pain associated with DVT?
A
Dull ache
B
No pain
C
Sudden onset
D
Tingling
Question 20 Explanation:
DVT is associated with deep leg pain of sudden onset, which occurs secondary to the occlusion.
Option A: A dull ache is more commonly associated with varicose veins.
Option C: If the thrombus is large enough, it will cause pain.
Option D: A tingling sensation is associated with an alteration in arterial blood flow.
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MSN Exam for Peripheral Vascular Diseases (EM)*
Choose the letter of the correct answer. You have 20 mins to finish this exam. Good luck!
Start
Congratulations - you have completed MSN Exam for Peripheral Vascular Diseases (EM)*.
You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%.
Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%%
Your answers are highlighted below.
Question 1
A 24-year old man seeks medical attention for complaints of claudication in the arch of the foot. A nurse also notes superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower leg. The nurse would next assess the client for:
The mixture of arterial and venous manifestations (claudication and phlebitis, respectively) in the young male client suggests Buerger’s disease. This is an uncommon disorder characterized by inflammation and thrombosis of smaller arteries and veins. This disorder typically is found in young adult males who smoke. The cause is not known precisely but is suspected to have an autoimmune component.
Question 2
A nurse has an order to begin administering warfarin sodium (coumadin) to a client. While implementing this order, the nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit as the antidote for Coumadin?
A
Vitamin K
B
Aminocaproic acid
C
Potassium chloride
D
Protamine sulfate
Question 2 Explanation:
The antidote to warfarin (Coumadin) is Vitamin K and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur.
Question 3
In preparation for discharge of a client with arterial insufficiency and Raynaud’s disease, client teaching instructions should include:
A
Walking several times each day as an exercise program.
B
Keeping the heat up so that the environment is warm
C
Wearing TED hose during the day
D
Using hydrotherapy for increasing oxygenation
Question 3 Explanation:
The client’s instructions should include keeping the environment warm to prevent vasoconstriction.
Option A: Walking would most likely increase pain.
Option C: Wearing gloves, warm clothes, and socks will also be useful when preventing vasoconstriction, but TED hose would not be therapeutic.
Question 4
Varicose veins can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
A
Blood coagulability
B
Vessel walls
C
Blood flow
D
Blood viscosity
Question 5
A client who has been receiving heparin therapy also is started on warfarin sodium (coumadin). The client asks the nurse why both medications are being administered. In formulating a response, the nurse incorporates the understanding that warfarin sodium:
A
Stimulates the breakdown of specific clotting factors by the liver, and it takes 2-3 days for this is exhibit an anticoagulant effect.
B
Inhibits synthesis of specific clotting factors in the liver, and it takes 3 to 4 days for this medication to exert an anticoagulation effect.
C
Stimulates production of the body’s own thrombolytic substances, but it takes 2-4 days for it to begin.
D
Has the same mechanism action of heparin, and the crossover time is needed for the serum level of warfarin sodium to be therapeutic.
Question 5 Explanation:
Warfarin sodium works in the liver and inhibits synthesis of four vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (X, IX, VII, and II), but it takes 3 to 4 days before the therapeutic effect of warfarin is exhibited.
Question 6
When caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin), the nurse knows not to expect therapeutic benefits for:
A
At least 12 hours
B
The first 24 hours
C
2-3 days
D
1 week
Question 7
Which technique is considered the gold standard for diagnosing DVT?
A
Ultrasound imaging
B
Venography
C
MRI
D
Doppler flow study
Question 8
Which of the following characteristics is typical of the pain associated with DVT?
A
Dull ache
B
No pain
C
Sudden onset
D
Tingling
Question 8 Explanation:
DVT is associated with deep leg pain of sudden onset, which occurs secondary to the occlusion.
Option A: A dull ache is more commonly associated with varicose veins.
Option C: If the thrombus is large enough, it will cause pain.
Option D: A tingling sensation is associated with an alteration in arterial blood flow.
Question 9
Buerger’s disease is characterized by all of the following except:
A
Arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion
B
Lipid deposits in the arteries
C
Redness or cyanosis in the limb when it is dependent
D
Venous inflammation and occlusion
Question 10
Cancer can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
A
Blood coagulability
B
Vessel walls
C
Blood flow
D
Blood viscosity
Question 11
A client comes to the outpatient clinic and tells the nurse that he has had legs pains that begin when he walks but cease when he stops walking. Which of the following conditions would the nurse assess for?
A
An acute obstruction in the vessels of the legs
B
Peripheral vascular problems in both legs
C
Diabetes
D
Calcium deficiency
Question 11 Explanation:
Intermittent claudication is a condition that indicates vascular deficiencies in the peripheral vascular system.
Option A: If an obstruction were present, the leg pain would persist when the client stops walking.
Option D: Low calcium levels may cause leg cramps but would not necessarily be related to walking.
Question 12
A nurse is assessing a client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following assessment findings by the nurse is probably unrelated to the aneurysm?
A
Pulsatile abdominal mass
B
Hyperactive bowel sounds in that area
C
Systolic bruit over the area of the mass
D
Subjective sensation of “heart beating” in the abdomen.
Question 12 Explanation:
Not all clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms exhibit symptoms.
Option A: A pulsatile mass may be palpated in the middle and upper abdomen.
Option C: A systolic bruit may be auscultated over the mass. Hyperactive bowel sounds are not related specifically to an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Option D: Those who do describe a feeling of the “heart beating” in the abdomen when supine or be able to feel the mass throbbing.
Question 13
Intravenous heparin therapy is ordered for a client. While implementing this order, a nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit?
A
Vitamin K
B
Aminocaproic acid
C
Potassium chloride
D
Protamine sulfate
Question 13 Explanation:
The antidote to heparin is protamine sulfate and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur
Question 14
A client is admitted with a venous stasis leg ulcer. A nurse assesses the ulcer, expecting to note that the ulcer:
A
Has a pale colored base
B
Is deep, with even edges
C
Has little granulation tissue
D
Has brown pigmentation around it.
Question 14 Explanation:
Venous leg ulcers, also called stasis ulcers, tend to be more superficial than arterial ulcers, and the ulcer bed is pink. The edges of the ulcer are uneven, and granulation tissue is evident. The skin has a brown pigmentation from the accumulation of metabolic waste products resulting from venous stasis. The client also exhibits peripheral edema.
Options A, B, and C is due to tissue malnutrition; and thus us an arterial problem)
Question 15
Not all clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms exhibit symptoms. Those who do describe a feeling of the “heart beating” in the abdomen when supine or be able to feel the mass throbbing. A pulsatile mass may be palpated in the middle and upper abdomen. A systolic bruit may be auscultated over the mass. Hyperactive bowel sounds are not related specifically to an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
A
Thrombosis and infection
B
Bleeding and infection
C
Bleeding and wound dehiscence.
D
Wound dehiscence and evisceration.
Question 15 Explanation:
After inferior vena cava insertion, the nurse inspects the surgical site for bleeding and signs and symptoms of infection. Otherwise, care is the same as for any post-op client.
Question 16
A nurse is assessing the neurovascular status of a client who returned to the surgical nursing unit 4 hours ago after undergoing aortoiliac bypass graft. The affected leg is warm, and the nurse notes redness and edema. The pedal pulse is palpable and unchanged from admission. The nurse interprets that the neurovascular status is:
A
Normal because of the increased blood flow through the leg
B
Slightly deteriorating and should be monitored for another hour
C
Moderately impaired, and the surgeon should be called.
D
Adequate from the arterial approach, but venous complications are arising.
Question 16 Explanation:
An expected outcome of surgery is warmth, redness, and edema in the surgical extremity because of increased blood flow. All other answer choices are incorrect interpretations.
Question 17
Mike, a 43-year old construction worker, has a history of hypertension. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, is nervous about the possibility of being unemployed, and has difficulty coping with stress. His current concern is calf pain during minimal exercise that decreased with rest. The nurse assesses Mike’s symptoms as being associated with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The nursing diagnosis is probably:
A
Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation
B
Dysfunctional use of extremities related to muscle spasms
C
Impaired mobility related to stress associated with pain
D
Impairment in muscle use associated with pain on exertion.
Question 18
With peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by:
A
Elevating the limb above heart level
B
Lowering the limb so it is dependent
C
Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses
D
Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body
Question 19
The most important factor in regulating the caliber of blood vessels, which determines resistance to flow, is:
A
Hormonal secretion
B
Independent arterial wall activity.
C
The influence of circulating chemicals
D
The sympathetic nervous system
Question 20
A significant cause of venous thrombosis is:
A
Altered blood coagulation
B
Stasis of blood
C
Vessel wall injury
D
All of the above
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1. The most important factor in regulating the caliber of blood vessels, which determines resistance to flow, is:
Hormonal secretion
Independent arterial wall activity.
The influence of circulating chemicals
The sympathetic nervous system
2 With peripheral arterial insufficiency, leg pain during rest can be reduced by:
Elevating the limb above heart level
Lowering the limb so it is dependent
Massaging the limb after application of cold compresses
Placing the limb in a plane horizontal to the body
3. Buerger’s disease is characterized by all of the following except:
Arterial thrombosis formation and occlusion
Lipid deposits in the arteries
Redness or cyanosis in the limb when it is dependent
Venous inflammation and occlusion
4. A significant cause of venous thrombosis is:
Altered blood coagulation
Stasis of blood
Vessel wall injury
All of the above
5. When caring for a patient who has started anticoagulant therapy with warfarin (Coumadin), the nurse knows not to expect therapeutic benefits for:
At least 12 hours
The first 24 hours
2-3 days
1 week
6. Mike, a 43-year old construction worker, has a history of hypertension. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day, is nervous about the possibility of being unemployed, and has difficulty coping with stress. His current concern is calf pain during minimal exercise that decreased with rest. The nurse assesses Mike’s symptoms as being associated with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The nursing diagnosis is probably:
Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation
Dysfunctional use of extremities related to muscle spasms
Impaired mobility related to stress associated with pain
Impairment in muscle use associated with pain on exertion.
7. A 24-year old man seeks medical attention for complaints of claudication in the arch of the foot. A nurse also notes superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower leg. The nurse would next assess the client for:
8. Intravenous heparin therapy is ordered for a client. While implementing this order, a nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit?
Vitamin K
Aminocaproic acid
Potassium chloride
Protamine sulfate
9. A client who has been receiving heparin therapy also is started on warfarin sodium (coumadin). The client asks the nurse why both medications are being administered. In formulating a response, the nurse incorporates the understanding that warfarin sodium:
Stimulates the breakdown of specific clotting factors by the liver, and it takes 2-3 days for this is exhibit an anticoagulant effect.
Inhibits synthesis of specific clotting factors in the liver, and it takes 3 to 4 days for this medication to exert an anticoagulation effect.
Stimulates production of the body’s own thrombolytic substances, but it takes 2-4 days for it to begin.
Has the same mechanism action of heparin, and the crossover time is needed for the serum level of warfarin sodium to be therapeutic.
10. A nurse has an order to begin administering warfarin sodium (coumadin) to a client. While implementing this order, the nurse ensures that which of the following medications is available on the nursing unit as the antidote for Coumadin?
Vitamin K
Aminocaproic acid
Potassium chloride
Protamine sulfate
11. A nurse is assessing the neurovascular status of a client who returned to the surgical nursing unit 4 hours ago after undergoing aortoiliac bypass graft. The affected leg is warm, and the nurse notes redness and edema. The pedal pulse is palpable and unchanged from admission. The nurse interprets that the neurovascular status is:
Normal because of the increased blood flow through the leg
Slightly deteriorating and should be monitored for another hour
Moderately impaired, and the surgeon should be called.
Adequate from the arterial approach, but venous complications are arising.
12. A client is admitted with a venous stasis leg ulcer. A nurse assesses the ulcer, expecting to note that the ulcer:
Has a pale colored base
Is deep, with even edges
Has little granulation tissue
Has brown pigmentation around it.
13. In preparation for discharge of a client with arterial insufficiency and Raynaud’s disease, client teaching instructions should include:
Walking several times each day as an exercise program.
Keeping the heat up so that the environment is warm
Wearing TED hose during the day
Using hydrotherapy for increasing oxygenation
14. A client comes to the outpatient clinic and tells the nurse that he has had legs pains that begin when he walks but cease when he stops walking. Which of the following conditions would the nurse assess for?
An acute obstruction in the vessels of the legs
Peripheral vascular problems in both legs
Diabetes
Calcium deficiency
15. Which of the following characteristics is typical of the pain associated with DVT?
Dull ache
No pain
Sudden onset
Tingling
16. Cancer can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
Blood coagulability
Vessel walls
Blood flow
Blood viscosity
17.Varicose veins can cause changes in what component of Virchow’s triad?
Blood coagulability
Vessel walls
Blood flow
Blood viscosity
18. Which technique is considered the gold standard for diagnosing DVT?
Ultrasound imaging
Venography
MRI
Doppler flow study
19. A nurse is assessing a client with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following assessment findings by the nurse is probably unrelated to the aneurysm?
Pulsatile abdominal mass
Hyperactive bowel sounds in that area
Systolic bruit over the area of the mass
Subjective sensation of “heart beating” in the abdomen.
20. A nurse is caring for a client who had a percutaneous insertion of an inferior vena cava filter and was on heparin therapy before surgery. The nurse would inspect the surgical site most closely for signs of:
Thrombosis and infection
Bleeding and infection
Bleeding and wound dehiscence.
Wound dehiscence and evisceration.
Answers and Rationales
D. The sympathetic nervous system
B. Lowering the limb so it is dependent
B. Lipid deposits in the arteries
D. All of the above
C. 2-3 days
A. Alteration in tissue perfusion related to compromised circulation
B. Smoking history. The mixture of arterial and venous manifestations (claudication and phlebitis, respectively) in the young male client suggests Buerger’s disease. This is an uncommon disorder characterized by inflammation and thrombosis of smaller arteries and veins. This disorder typically is found in young adult males who smoke. The cause is not known precisely but is suspected to have an autoimmune component.
D. Protamine sulfate. The antidote to heparin is protamine sulfate and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur
B. Inhibits synthesis of specific clotting factors in the liver, and it takes 3 to 4 days for this medication to exert an anticoagulation effect. Warfarin sodium works in the liver and inhibits synthesis of four vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (X, IX, VII, and II), but it takes 3 to 4 days before the therapeutic effect of warfarin is exhibited.
A. Vitamin K. The antidote to warfarin (Coumadin) is Vitamin K and should be readily available for use if excessive bleeding or hemorrhage should occur.
A. Normal because of the increased blood flow through the leg. An expected outcome of surgery is warmth, redness, and edema in the surgical extremity because of increased blood flow. All other answer choices are incorrect interpretations.
D. Has brown pigmentation around it. Venous leg ulcers, also called stasis ulcers, tend to be more superficial than arterial ulcers, and the ulcer bed is pink. The edges of the ulcer are uneven, and granulation tissue is evident. The skin has a brown pigmentation from accumulation of metabolic waste products resulting from venous stasis. The client also exhibits peripheral edema. (all other answer choices is due to tissue malnutrition; and thus us an arterial problem)
B. Keeping the heat up so that the environment is warm. The client’s instructions should include keeping the environment warm to prevent vasoconstriction. Wearing gloves, warm clothes, and socks will also be useful when preventing vasoconstriction, but TED hose would not be therapeutic. Walking would most likely increase pain.
B. Peripheral vascular problems in both legs. Intermittent claudication is a condition that indicates vascular deficiencies in the peripheral vascular system. If an obstruction were present, the leg pain would persist when the client stops walking. Low calcium levels may cause leg cramps but would not necessarily be related to walking.
C. Sudden onset. DVT is associated with deep leg pain of sudden onset, which occurs secondary to the occlusion. A dull ache is more commonly associated with varicose veins. A tingling sensation is associated with an alteration in arterial blood flow. If the thrombus is large enough, it will cause pain.
A. Blood coagulability
C. Blood flow
B. Venography
B. Hyperactive bowel sounds in that area. Not all clients with abdominal aortic aneurysms exhibit symptoms. Those who do describe a feeling of the “heart beating” in the abdomen when supine or be able to feel the mass throbbing. A pulsatile mass may be palpated in the middle and upper abdomen. A systolic bruit may be auscultated over the mass. Hyperactive bowel sounds are not related specifically to an abdominal aortic aneurysm.
B. Bleeding and infection. After inferior vena cava insertion, the nurse inspects the surgical site for bleeding and signs and symptoms of infection. Otherwise, care is the same as for any post-op client.