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FON Practice Exam for History , Concepts and Theories (PM)*
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Question 1
This is the essence of mental health
A
Self awareness
B
Self actualization
C
Self esteem
D
Self worth
Question 1 Explanation:
The peak of maslow's hierarchy is the essence of mental health.
Question 2
Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was it’s first superintendent.
A
St. Paul Hospital School of nursing
B
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C
Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
D
St. Luke’s Hospital School of nursing
Question 3
Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his experience.
A
Giligan
B
Westerhoff
C
Fowler
D
Freud
Question 3 Explanation:
There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
Question 4
She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself.
A
Elizabeth
B
Catherine
C
Nightingale
D
Sairey Gamp
Question 4 Explanation:
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom's money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving the sick.
Question 5
Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A
Orem
B
Johnson
C
Henderson
D
Parse
Question 5 Explanation:
According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems. Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet the demands of the environment, and is able to modified his behavior to support these demands.
Question 6
What best describes nurses as a care provider?
A
Determine client’s need
B
Provide direct nursing care
C
Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation
D
Works in combined effort with all those involved in patient’s care
Question 6 Explanation:
You can never provide nursing care if you don't know what are the needs of the client. How can you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the client's secretion. Therefore, the best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the client's need to be able to render an appropriate nursing care.
Question 7
In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
A
Affected by matter
B
A sole island in vast ocean
C
Allows input
D
Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
Question 8
This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A
Philosophy
B
Personality
C
Charm
D
Character
Question 8 Explanation:
Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
Question 9
Who developed the first theory of nursing?
A
Hammurabi
B
Alexander
C
Fabiola
D
Nightingale
Question 9 Explanation:
Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill me, you should be killed... If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldier's medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a hospital.
Question 10
Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis?
A
She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
B
She can be accused of malpractice
C
She does it regularly as an important responsibility
D
She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
Question 11
These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.
A
Dependent
B
Independent
C
Interdependent
D
Intradependent
Question 11 Explanation:
Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals. Example is when a child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.
Question 12
The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A
Henderson
B
Abdellah
C
Levin
D
Peplau
Question 12 Explanation:
This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
Question 13
For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person
A
King
B
Henderson
C
Roy
D
Leininger
Question 13 Explanation:
Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
Question 14
According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind and just
A
Zderad and Peterson
B
Benner and Wrubel
C
Fowler and Westerhoff
D
Schulman and Mekler
Question 14 Explanation:
According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The intention should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.
Question 15
The country where SHUSHURUTU originated
A
China
B
Egypt
C
India
D
Babylonia
Question 16
Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
A
Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B
Neuman
C
Newman
D
Benner and Wrubel
Question 17
Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 17 Explanation:
I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and re establish connection.
Question 18
He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
A
Freud
B
Erikson
C
Kohlberg
D
Peters
Question 18 Explanation:
Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components : EMOTION or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one actuates his EMOTION and JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the development of PRINCPLES or the person's virtue and traits. He also believes in AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and thrift which are innate to a person and therefore, will be performed automatically.
Question 19
Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action? (Choose 2 answers)
A
Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
B
Economic factors
C
Accessibility of health care facilities
D
Increase adherence to medical therapies
Question 19 Explanation:
Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual's health preventive actions. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle and economic factors can affect the individual's ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. Accessibility of health care facilities and increase adherence to medical therapies are called Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual's preventive capabilities.
Question 20
She described the four conservation principle.
A
Levin
B
Leininger
C
Orlando
D
Parse
Question 20 Explanation:
Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We must maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals.
Question 21
Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
A
Becker
B
Smith
C
Dunn
D
Leavell and Clark
Question 21 Explanation:
According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes that he is susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For example, If a man thinks that diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich in these components.
Question 22
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A
A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
B
It serves specific interest of a group
C
It is altruistic
D
Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
Question 22 Explanation:
Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a specific interest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
Question 23
Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 23 Explanation:
The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
Question 24
She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.
A
Roy
B
Rogers
C
Henderson
D
Johnson
Question 24 Explanation:
According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.
Question 25
Who was the first president of the PNA ?
A
Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B
Loreto Tupas
C
Rosario Montenegro
D
Ricarda Mendoza
Question 25 Explanation:
Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was Rosario Montenegro.
Question 26
Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 26 Explanation:
Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the practice of nursing.
Question 27
She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment.
A
Roy
B
Levin
C
Neuman
D
Newman
Question 27 Explanation:
OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
Question 28
Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A
Illness
B
Disease
C
Health
D
Wellness
Question 28 Explanation:
Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
Question 29
In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?
A
Dark period
B
Intuitive period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 29 Explanation:
Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patient's skull and it is called TREPHINING.
Question 30
Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING
A
Travelbee
B
Swanson
C
Zderad
D
Peplau
Question 30 Explanation:
Travelbee's theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that NURSING is to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and FIND MEANING to this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an individual is a UNIQUE and irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE do remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
Question 31
She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.
A
Clara louise Maas
B
Pearl Tucker
C
Isabel Hampton Robb
D
Caroline Hampton Robb
Question 31 Explanation:
Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and after days, She died.
Question 32
Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A
Illness
B
Disease
C
Health
D
Wellness
Question 32 Explanation:
Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
Question 33
He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Dunn
D
Clark
Question 34
Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystem of the behavioral system.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Johnson
Question 34 Explanation:
Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
Question 35
The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A
Nightingale
B
Benner
C
Swanson
D
King
Question 35 Explanation:
Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
Question 36
What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?
A
Total patient care
B
Team nursing
C
Primary Nursing
D
Case management
Question 36 Explanation:
This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in critical or isolation units.
Question 37
According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is
A
Like all other men
B
Like some other men
C
Like no other men
D
Like men
Question 37 Explanation:
According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.
Question 38
She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Clark
Question 38 Explanation:
Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of bodily and mental functioning.
Question 39
He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
A
Freud
B
Erikson
C
Kohlberg
D
Peters
Question 39 Explanation:
Kohlberg states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society upholds. If the law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part of these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed. Example is that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he believes that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.
Question 40
According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A
Henderson
B
Orem
C
Swanson
D
Neuman
Question 40 Explanation:
In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
Question 41
This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 41 Explanation:
What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
Question 42
Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?
A
Erikson
B
Madaw
C
Peplau
D
Dunn
Question 42 Explanation:
According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment.
Question 43
She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
A
Henderson
B
Nightingale
C
Parse
D
Orlando
Question 43 Explanation:
This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
Question 44
Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?
A
Roy
B
Rogers
C
Henderson
D
Johnson
Question 44 Explanation:
The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne Boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their GOLDEN AGE.
Question 45
Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 45 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 46
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A
Concerned with quantity
B
Self directed
C
Committed to spirit of inquiry
D
Independent
Question 46 Explanation:
A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned with QUANTITY of care provided.
Question 47
Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health
A
Ecologic Model
B
Health Belief Model
C
Health Promotion Model
D
Health Prevention Model
Question 47 Explanation:
Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
Question 48
It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 48 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 49
A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is:
A
Primary care nurse
B
Independent nurse practitioner
C
Nurse-Midwife
D
Nurse specialist
Question 50
Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
A
Henderson
B
Orem
C
Parse
D
Neuman
Question 50 Explanation:
Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting the individual's response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these stressors.
Question 51
Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A
Imitation
B
Introjection
C
Identification
D
Regression
Question 51 Explanation:
A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through identication. A good example is the corned beef commercial " WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN " Where the child identifies with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing the same thing.
Question 52
As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A
Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
B
Protect client’s right
C
Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care
D
Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the institution
Question 52 Explanation:
A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D basically summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you haven't read Lydia Venzon's Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in the graduate school. Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing qualifications and job descriptions.
Question 53
Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A
Philosophy
B
Personality
C
Charm
D
Character
Question 53 Explanation:
Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
Question 54
Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.
A
Roy
B
Henderson
C
Rogers
D
King
Question 54 Explanation:
Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is subjective depending on the definition of one's culture.
Question 55
What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
A
Belgium
B
US
C
Germany
D
England
Question 56
According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?
A
Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
B
Desires privacy, autonomous
C
Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
D
Problem centered
Question 56 Explanation:
A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
Question 57
According to Leavell and Clark’s ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except:
A
Reservoir
B
Agent
C
Environment
D
Host
Question 57 Explanation:
According to L&C's Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not predispose him to the AGENT.
Question 58
Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 58 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 59
This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 59 Explanation:
Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women.
Question 60
Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.
A
St. Paul Hospital
B
Iloilo Mission Hospital
C
Philippine General Hospital
D
St. Luke’s Hospital
Question 61
What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
A
Positive feedback
B
Negative feedback
C
Buffer system
D
Various mechanisms
Question 61 Explanation:
The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.
Question 62
He was called the father of sanitation.
A
Abraham
B
Hippocrates
C
Moses
D
Willam Halstead
Question 63
The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement?
A
Change agent
B
Client advocate
C
Case manager
D
Collaborator
Question 63 Explanation:
As a client's advocate, Nurses are to protect the client's right and promotes what is best for the client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the client's pain, The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best possible care.
Question 64
Developed the CLINICAL NURSING – A HELPING ART MODEL
A
Swanson
B
Hall
C
Weidenbach
D
Zderad
Question 64 Explanation:
Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.
Question 65
Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential. Avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.
A
Clinical Model
B
Role performance Model
C
Adaptive Model
D
Eudaemonistic Model
Question 65 Explanation:
Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
Question 66
One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of
A
Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B
Works for raising funds for nurse’s benefit
C
Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
D
Assist them and securing jobs abroad
Question 67
Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
A
Certain needs are common to all people
B
Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
C
Needs are stimulated by internal factors
D
Needs are stimulated by external factors
Question 67 Explanation:
Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie's climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
Question 68
According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY
A
Leavell and Clark
B
Peterson and Zderad
C
Benner and Wruber
D
Leddy and Pepper
Question 68 Explanation:
According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception of balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and illness or the AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory while Benner and Wruber postulate the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
Question 69
Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
A
May not be deferred
B
Are not interrelated
C
Met in exact and rigid way
D
Priorities are alterable
Question 69 Explanation:
Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie's climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
Question 70
According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
A
Heredity
B
Social
C
Behavioral
D
Environmental
Question 71
According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole system.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Johnson
Question 71 Explanation:
Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with the whole system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.
Question 72
They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A
Chinese
B
Egyptian
C
Indian
D
Babylonian
Question 72 Explanation:
Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female clothes to their male newborn.
Question 73
According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?
A
Makes decision contrary to public opinion
B
Do not predict events
C
Self centered
D
Maximum degree of self conflict
Question 73 Explanation:
A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
Question 74
In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence preventive behavior?
A
Perceived susceptibility to an illness
B
Perceived seriousness of an illness
C
Perceived threat of an illness
D
Perceived curability of an illness
Question 74 Explanation:
If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a threat to his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this threat.
Question 75
Florence nightingale is born in
A
Germany
B
Britain
C
France
D
Italy
Question 75 Explanation:
Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and Practiced in England.
Question 76
Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
A
Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
B
Peterson,Zderad
C
Benner,Wrubel
D
Boykin,Schoenhofer
Question 76 Explanation:
This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN ARE CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE, meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
Question 77
When was the PNA founded?
A
September 22, 1922
B
September 02, 1920
C
October 21, 1922
D
September 02, 1922
Question 77 Explanation:
According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
Question 78
Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
A
Born May 12, 1840
B
Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
C
Notes in nursing
D
Notes in hospital
Question 79
Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.
A
Health prevention
B
Health promotion
C
Health teaching
D
Self actualization
Question 79 Explanation:
Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
Question 80
Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?
A
R.A 877
B
1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C
Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D
RA 7164
Question 80 Explanation:
This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 also known as the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited professional organization which is the PNA.
Question 81
According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 81 Explanation:
This is Jean Watson's definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4 conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.
Question 82
An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing one’s potential within the limitation of the environment.
A
Well being
B
Health
C
Low level Wellness
D
High level Wellness
Question 83
Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.
A
Clinical Model
B
Role performance Model
C
Adaptive Model
D
Eudaemonistic Model
Question 83 Explanation:
Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
Question 84
Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.
A
Roy
B
Henderson
C
Rogers
D
King
Question 84 Explanation:
Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life cycle.
Question 85
This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 85 Explanation:
Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
Question 86
What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
A
Heredity
B
Social
C
Behavioral
D
Environmental
Question 86 Explanation:
Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices. Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
Question 87
He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.
A
Giligan
B
Westerhoff
C
Fowler
D
Freud
Question 87 Explanation:
There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
Question 88
Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 88 Explanation:
There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
Question 89
Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
A
St. Catherine
B
St. Anne
C
St. Clare
D
St. Elizabeth
Question 89 Explanation:
The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing.
Question 90
Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Dunn
D
Roy
Question 90 Explanation:
According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.
Question 91
This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 91 Explanation:
Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.
Question 92
Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A
Neuman
B
Johnson
C
Watson
D
Parse
Question 92 Explanation:
Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
Question 93
The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A
Education
B
Theory
C
Caring
D
Autonomy
Question 93 Explanation:
Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the delineate Nursing from other professions.
Question 94
Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain internal environment.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Leddy and Pepper
D
Roy
Question 94 Explanation:
According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the failure to maintain the internal environment.
Question 95
The four major concepts in nursing theory are the:
A
Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B
Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C
Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D
Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
Question 95 Explanation:
This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingale’s. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would facilitate the person’s reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a person’s reparative state.
Question 96
RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 96 Explanation:
Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not around.
Question 97
Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?
A
RA 7164
B
RA 9173
C
BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D
BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
Question 97 Explanation:
7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.
Question 98
Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 98 Explanation:
Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.
Question 99
Founder of the PNA
A
Julita Sotejo
B
Anastacia Giron Tupas
C
Eufemia Octaviano
D
Anesia Dionisio
Question 100
Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief model?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 100 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
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Question 1
Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.
A
Roy
B
Henderson
C
Rogers
D
King
Question 1 Explanation:
Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life cycle.
Question 2
According to Leavell and Clark’s ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except:
A
Reservoir
B
Agent
C
Environment
D
Host
Question 2 Explanation:
According to L&C's Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not predispose him to the AGENT.
Question 3
Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain internal environment.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Leddy and Pepper
D
Roy
Question 3 Explanation:
According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the failure to maintain the internal environment.
Question 4
Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Dunn
D
Roy
Question 4 Explanation:
According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.
Question 5
Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health
A
Ecologic Model
B
Health Belief Model
C
Health Promotion Model
D
Health Prevention Model
Question 5 Explanation:
Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
Question 6
Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 6 Explanation:
I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and re establish connection.
Question 7
Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
A
Certain needs are common to all people
B
Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
C
Needs are stimulated by internal factors
D
Needs are stimulated by external factors
Question 7 Explanation:
Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie's climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
Question 8
The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
A
Nightingale
B
Benner
C
Swanson
D
King
Question 8 Explanation:
Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
Question 9
What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
A
Positive feedback
B
Negative feedback
C
Buffer system
D
Various mechanisms
Question 9 Explanation:
The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.
Question 10
According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
A
Henderson
B
Orem
C
Swanson
D
Neuman
Question 10 Explanation:
In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
Question 11
They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
A
Chinese
B
Egyptian
C
Indian
D
Babylonian
Question 11 Explanation:
Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female clothes to their male newborn.
Question 12
This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 12 Explanation:
Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women.
Question 13
Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.
A
Health prevention
B
Health promotion
C
Health teaching
D
Self actualization
Question 13 Explanation:
Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
Question 14
Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?
A
RA 7164
B
RA 9173
C
BON Res. Code Of Ethics
D
BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
Question 14 Explanation:
7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.
Question 15
He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
A
Freud
B
Erikson
C
Kohlberg
D
Peters
Question 15 Explanation:
Kohlberg states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society upholds. If the law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part of these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed. Example is that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he believes that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.
Question 16
Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
A
May not be deferred
B
Are not interrelated
C
Met in exact and rigid way
D
Priorities are alterable
Question 16 Explanation:
Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie's climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
Question 17
He was called the father of sanitation.
A
Abraham
B
Hippocrates
C
Moses
D
Willam Halstead
Question 18
In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence preventive behavior?
A
Perceived susceptibility to an illness
B
Perceived seriousness of an illness
C
Perceived threat of an illness
D
Perceived curability of an illness
Question 18 Explanation:
If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a threat to his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this threat.
Question 19
According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
A
Heredity
B
Social
C
Behavioral
D
Environmental
Question 20
Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING
A
Travelbee
B
Swanson
C
Zderad
D
Peplau
Question 20 Explanation:
Travelbee's theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that NURSING is to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and FIND MEANING to this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an individual is a UNIQUE and irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE do remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
Question 21
He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
A
Freud
B
Erikson
C
Kohlberg
D
Peters
Question 21 Explanation:
Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components : EMOTION or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one actuates his EMOTION and JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the development of PRINCPLES or the person's virtue and traits. He also believes in AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and thrift which are innate to a person and therefore, will be performed automatically.
Question 22
Florence nightingale is born in
A
Germany
B
Britain
C
France
D
Italy
Question 22 Explanation:
Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and Practiced in England.
Question 23
Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
A
Concerned with quantity
B
Self directed
C
Committed to spirit of inquiry
D
Independent
Question 23 Explanation:
A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned with QUANTITY of care provided.
Question 24
Founder of the PNA
A
Julita Sotejo
B
Anastacia Giron Tupas
C
Eufemia Octaviano
D
Anesia Dionisio
Question 25
Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 25 Explanation:
Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the practice of nursing.
Question 26
Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action? (Choose 2 answers)
A
Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
B
Economic factors
C
Accessibility of health care facilities
D
Increase adherence to medical therapies
Question 26 Explanation:
Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual's health preventive actions. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle and economic factors can affect the individual's ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. Accessibility of health care facilities and increase adherence to medical therapies are called Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual's preventive capabilities.
Question 27
Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 27 Explanation:
The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
Question 28
This is the essence of mental health
A
Self awareness
B
Self actualization
C
Self esteem
D
Self worth
Question 28 Explanation:
The peak of maslow's hierarchy is the essence of mental health.
Question 29
Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 29 Explanation:
There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON'S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger's definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
Question 30
What best describes nurses as a care provider?
A
Determine client’s need
B
Provide direct nursing care
C
Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation
D
Works in combined effort with all those involved in patient’s care
Question 30 Explanation:
You can never provide nursing care if you don't know what are the needs of the client. How can you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the client's secretion. Therefore, the best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the client's need to be able to render an appropriate nursing care.
Question 31
She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
A
Henderson
B
Nightingale
C
Parse
D
Orlando
Question 31 Explanation:
This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
Question 32
What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?
A
Total patient care
B
Team nursing
C
Primary Nursing
D
Case management
Question 32 Explanation:
This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in critical or isolation units.
Question 33
In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?
A
Dark period
B
Intuitive period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 33 Explanation:
Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patient's skull and it is called TREPHINING.
Question 34
Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
A
Born May 12, 1840
B
Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
C
Notes in nursing
D
Notes in hospital
Question 35
Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.
A
Roy
B
Henderson
C
Rogers
D
King
Question 35 Explanation:
Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is subjective depending on the definition of one's culture.
Question 36
When was the PNA founded?
A
September 22, 1922
B
September 02, 1920
C
October 21, 1922
D
September 02, 1922
Question 36 Explanation:
According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
Question 37
The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement?
A
Change agent
B
Client advocate
C
Case manager
D
Collaborator
Question 37 Explanation:
As a client's advocate, Nurses are to protect the client's right and promotes what is best for the client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the client's pain, The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best possible care.
Question 38
An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing one’s potential within the limitation of the environment.
A
Well being
B
Health
C
Low level Wellness
D
High level Wellness
Question 39
Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?
A
Roy
B
Rogers
C
Henderson
D
Johnson
Question 39 Explanation:
The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne Boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their GOLDEN AGE.
Question 40
Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A
Illness
B
Disease
C
Health
D
Wellness
Question 40 Explanation:
Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
Question 41
A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is:
A
Primary care nurse
B
Independent nurse practitioner
C
Nurse-Midwife
D
Nurse specialist
Question 42
She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Clark
Question 42 Explanation:
Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of bodily and mental functioning.
Question 43
Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
A
Illness
B
Disease
C
Health
D
Wellness
Question 43 Explanation:
Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
Question 44
Developed the CLINICAL NURSING – A HELPING ART MODEL
A
Swanson
B
Hall
C
Weidenbach
D
Zderad
Question 44 Explanation:
Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.
Question 45
He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.
A
Cannon
B
Bernard
C
Dunn
D
Clark
Question 46
In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
A
Affected by matter
B
A sole island in vast ocean
C
Allows input
D
Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
Question 47
Who was the first president of the PNA ?
A
Anastacia Giron-Tupas
B
Loreto Tupas
C
Rosario Montenegro
D
Ricarda Mendoza
Question 47 Explanation:
Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was Rosario Montenegro.
Question 48
Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
A
Neuman
B
Johnson
C
Watson
D
Parse
Question 48 Explanation:
Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
Question 49
She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.
A
Roy
B
Rogers
C
Henderson
D
Johnson
Question 49 Explanation:
According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.
Question 50
What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
A
Heredity
B
Social
C
Behavioral
D
Environmental
Question 50 Explanation:
Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices. Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
Question 51
She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself.
A
Elizabeth
B
Catherine
C
Nightingale
D
Sairey Gamp
Question 51 Explanation:
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom's money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving the sick.
Question 52
Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
A
Imitation
B
Introjection
C
Identification
D
Regression
Question 52 Explanation:
A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through identication. A good example is the corned beef commercial " WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN " Where the child identifies with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing the same thing.
Question 53
Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis?
A
She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
B
She can be accused of malpractice
C
She does it regularly as an important responsibility
D
She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
Question 54
Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential. Avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.
A
Clinical Model
B
Role performance Model
C
Adaptive Model
D
Eudaemonistic Model
Question 54 Explanation:
Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
Question 55
Who developed the first theory of nursing?
A
Hammurabi
B
Alexander
C
Fabiola
D
Nightingale
Question 55 Explanation:
Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill me, you should be killed... If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldier's medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a hospital.
Question 56
Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
A
Henderson
B
Orem
C
Parse
D
Neuman
Question 56 Explanation:
Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting the individual's response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these stressors.
Question 57
According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?
A
Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
B
Desires privacy, autonomous
C
Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
D
Problem centered
Question 57 Explanation:
A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
Question 58
Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
A
Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
B
Neuman
C
Newman
D
Benner and Wrubel
Question 59
Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
A
Becker
B
Smith
C
Dunn
D
Leavell and Clark
Question 59 Explanation:
According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes that he is susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For example, If a man thinks that diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich in these components.
Question 60
Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
A
Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
B
Peterson,Zderad
C
Benner,Wrubel
D
Boykin,Schoenhofer
Question 60 Explanation:
This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN ARE CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE, meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
Question 61
According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole system.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Johnson
Question 61 Explanation:
Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with the whole system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.
Question 62
According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind and just
A
Zderad and Peterson
B
Benner and Wrubel
C
Fowler and Westerhoff
D
Schulman and Mekler
Question 62 Explanation:
According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The intention should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.
Question 63
Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.
A
Clinical Model
B
Role performance Model
C
Adaptive Model
D
Eudaemonistic Model
Question 63 Explanation:
Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person's fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
Question 64
According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is
A
Like all other men
B
Like some other men
C
Like no other men
D
Like men
Question 64 Explanation:
According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.
Question 65
One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of
A
Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B
Works for raising funds for nurse’s benefit
C
Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
D
Assist them and securing jobs abroad
Question 66
This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
A
Philosophy
B
Personality
C
Charm
D
Character
Question 66 Explanation:
Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
Question 67
For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person
A
King
B
Henderson
C
Roy
D
Leininger
Question 67 Explanation:
Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
Question 68
Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A
A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
B
It serves specific interest of a group
C
It is altruistic
D
Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
Question 68 Explanation:
Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a specific interest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
Question 69
The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
A
Henderson
B
Abdellah
C
Levin
D
Peplau
Question 69 Explanation:
This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
Question 70
She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.
A
Clara louise Maas
B
Pearl Tucker
C
Isabel Hampton Robb
D
Caroline Hampton Robb
Question 70 Explanation:
Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and after days, She died.
Question 71
Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 71 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 72
The country where SHUSHURUTU originated
A
China
B
Egypt
C
India
D
Babylonia
Question 73
This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 73 Explanation:
Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
Question 74
Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his experience.
A
Giligan
B
Westerhoff
C
Fowler
D
Freud
Question 74 Explanation:
There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
Question 75
Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief model?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 75 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 76
According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 76 Explanation:
This is Jean Watson's definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06' NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4 conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.
Question 77
Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
A
Orem
B
Johnson
C
Henderson
D
Parse
Question 77 Explanation:
According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems. Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet the demands of the environment, and is able to modified his behavior to support these demands.
Question 78
What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
A
Belgium
B
US
C
Germany
D
England
Question 79
Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
A
Philosophy
B
Personality
C
Charm
D
Character
Question 79 Explanation:
Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one's talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person's character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
Question 80
Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.
A
St. Paul Hospital
B
Iloilo Mission Hospital
C
Philippine General Hospital
D
St. Luke’s Hospital
Question 81
It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 81 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 82
He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.
A
Giligan
B
Westerhoff
C
Fowler
D
Freud
Question 82 Explanation:
There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person's life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
Question 83
According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY
A
Leavell and Clark
B
Peterson and Zderad
C
Benner and Wruber
D
Leddy and Pepper
Question 83 Explanation:
According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception of balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and illness or the AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory while Benner and Wruber postulate the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
Question 84
Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
A
Demographic
B
Sociopsychologic
C
Structural
D
Cues to action
Question 84 Explanation:
Modifying variables in Becker's health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
Question 85
These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.
A
Dependent
B
Independent
C
Interdependent
D
Intradependent
Question 85 Explanation:
Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals. Example is when a child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.
Question 86
This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 86 Explanation:
Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.
Question 87
She described the four conservation principle.
A
Levin
B
Leininger
C
Orlando
D
Parse
Question 87 Explanation:
Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We must maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals.
Question 88
The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
A
Education
B
Theory
C
Caring
D
Autonomy
Question 88 Explanation:
Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the delineate Nursing from other professions.
Question 89
Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was it’s first superintendent.
A
St. Paul Hospital School of nursing
B
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C
Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
D
St. Luke’s Hospital School of nursing
Question 90
She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment.
A
Roy
B
Levin
C
Neuman
D
Newman
Question 90 Explanation:
OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
Question 91
The four major concepts in nursing theory are the:
A
Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
B
Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
C
Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
D
Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
Question 91 Explanation:
This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingale’s. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would facilitate the person’s reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a person’s reparative state.
Question 92
As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
A
Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
B
Protect client’s right
C
Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care
D
Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the institution
Question 92 Explanation:
A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D basically summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you haven't read Lydia Venzon's Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in the graduate school. Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing qualifications and job descriptions.
Question 93
Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystem of the behavioral system.
A
Orem
B
Henderson
C
Neuman
D
Johnson
Question 93 Explanation:
Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
Question 94
According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?
A
Makes decision contrary to public opinion
B
Do not predict events
C
Self centered
D
Maximum degree of self conflict
Question 94 Explanation:
A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
Question 95
Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
A
St. Catherine
B
St. Anne
C
St. Clare
D
St. Elizabeth
Question 95 Explanation:
The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing.
Question 96
Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
A
Benner
B
Watson
C
Leininger
D
Swanson
Question 96 Explanation:
Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.
Question 97
Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?
A
Erikson
B
Madaw
C
Peplau
D
Dunn
Question 97 Explanation:
According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment.
Question 98
This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses
A
Apprentice period
B
Dark period
C
Contemporary period
D
Educative period
Question 98 Explanation:
What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
Question 99
RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.
A
Functional nursing
B
Team nursing
C
Primary nursing
D
Total patient care
Question 99 Explanation:
Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not around.
Question 100
Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?
A
R.A 877
B
1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
C
Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
D
RA 7164
Question 100 Explanation:
This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 also known as the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited professional organization which is the PNA.
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1. The four major concepts in nursing theory are the
Person, Environment, Nurse, Health
Nurse, Person, Environment, Cure
Promotive, Preventive, Curative, Rehabilitative
Person, Environment, Nursing, Health
2. The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery is theorized by
Nightingale
Benner
Swanson
King
3. For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to care of the ill person
King
Henderson
Roy
Leininger
4. According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.
Henderson
Orem
Swanson
Neuman
5. Nursing is a unique profession, Concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stressors, which are intra, inter and extra personal in nature.
Neuman
Johnson
Watson
Parse
6. The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary strength, will and knowledge, and do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.
Henderson
Abdellah
Levin
Peplau
7. Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.
Benner
Watson
Leininger
Swanson
8. Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.
Benner
Watson
Leininger
Swanson
9. Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.
Benner
Watson
Leininger
Swanson
10. Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.
Benner
Watson
Leininger
Swanson
11. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about profession according to Marie Jahoda?
A profession is an organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge
It serves specific interest of a group
It is altruistic
Quality of work is of greater importance than the rewards
12. Which of the following is NOT an attribute of a professional?
Concerned with quantity
Self directed
Committed to spirit of inquiry
Independent
13. The most unique characteristic of nursing as a profession is
Education
Theory
Caring
Autonomy
14. This is the distinctive individual qualities that differentiate a person to another
Philosophy
Personality
Charm
Character
15. Refers to the moral values and beliefs that are used as guides to personal behavior and actions
Philosophy
Personality
Charm
Character
16. As a nurse manager, which of the following best describes this function?
Initiate modification on client’s lifestyle
Protect client’s right
Coordinates the activities of other members of the health team in managing patient care
Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the institution
17. What best describes nurses as a care provider?
Determine client’s need
Provide direct nursing care
Help client recognize and cope with stressful psychological situation
Works in combined effort with all those involved in patient’s care
18. The nurse questions a doctors order of Morphine sulfate 50 mg, IM for a client with pancreatitis. Which role best fit that statement?
Change agent
Client advocate
Case manager
Collaborator
19. These are nursing intervention that requires knowledge, skills and expertise of multiple health professionals.
Dependent
Independent
Interdependent
Intradependent
20. What type of patient care model is the most common for student nurses and private duty nurses?
Total patient care
Team nursing
Primary Nursing
Case management
21. This is the best patient care model when there are many nurses but few patients.
Functional nursing
Team nursing
Primary nursing
Total patient care
22. This patient care model works best when there are plenty of patient but few nurses
Functional nursing
Team nursing
Primary nursing
Total patient care
23. RN assumes 24 hour responsibility for the client to maintain continuity of care across shifts, days or visits.
Functional nursing
Team nursing
Primary nursing
Total patient care
24. Who developed the first theory of nursing?
Hammurabi
Alexander
Fabiola
Nightingale
25. She introduces the NATURE OF NURSING MODEL.
Henderson
Nightingale
Parse
Orlando
26. She described the four conservation principle.
Levin
Leininger
Orlando
Parse
27. Proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL.
Henderson
Orem
Parse
Neuman
28. Conceptualized the BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
Orem
Johnson
Henderson
Parse
29. Developed the CLINICAL NURSING – A HELPING ART MODEL
Swanson
Hall
Weidenbach
Zderad
30. Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory
Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
Neuman
Newman
Benner and Wrubel
31. Proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
Erickson, Tomlin, Swain
Peterson,Zderad
Bnner,Wrubel
Boykin,Schoenhofer
32. Postulated the INTERPERSONAL ASPECT OF NURSING
Travelbee
Swanson
Zderad
Peplau
33. He proposed the theory of morality that is based on MUTUAL TRUST
Freud
Erikson
Kohlberg
Peters
34. He proposed the theory of morality based on PRINCIPLES
Freud
Erikson
Kohlberg
Peters
35. Freud postulated that child adopts parental standards and traits through
Imitation
Introjection
Identification
Regression
36. According to them, Morality is measured of how people treat human being and that a moral child strives to be kind and just
Zderad and Peterson
Benner and Wrubel
Fowler and Westerhoff
Schulman and Mekler
37. Postulated that FAITH is the way of behaving. He developed four theories of faith and development based on his experience.
Giligan
Westerhoff
Fowler
Freud
38. He described the development of faith. He suggested that faith is a spiritual dimension that gives meaning to a persons life. Faith according to him, is a relational phenomenon.
Giligan
Westerhoff
Fowler
Freud
39. Established in 1906 by the Baptist foreign mission society of America. Miss rose nicolet, was it’s first superintendent.
St. Paul Hospital School of nursing
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
Philippine General Hospital School of nursing
St. Luke’s Hospital School of nursing
40. Anastacia Giron-Tupas was the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse in this hospital.
St. Paul Hospital
Iloilo Mission Hospital
Philippine General Hospital
St. Luke’s Hospital
41. She was the daughter of Hungarian kings, who feed 300-900 people everyday in their gate, builds hospitals, and care of the poor and sick herself.
Elizabeth
Catherine
Nightingale
Sairey Gamp
42. She dies of yellow fever in her search for truth to prove that yellow fever is carried by a mosquitoes.
Clara louise Maas
Pearl Tucker
Isabel Hampton Robb
Caroline Hampton Robb
43. He was called the father of sanitation.
Abraham
Hippocrates
Moses
Willam Halstead
44. The country where SHUSHURUTU originated
China
Egypt
India
Babylonia
45. They put girls clothes on male infants to drive evil forces away
Chinese
Egyptian
Indian
Babylonian
46. In what period of nursing does people believe in TREPHINING to drive evil forces away?
Dark period
Intuitive period
Contemporary period
Educative period
47. This period ended when Pastor Fliedner, build Kaiserwerth institute for the training of Deaconesses
Apprentice period
Dark period
Contemporary period
Educative period
48. Period of nursing where religious Christian orders emerged to take care of the sick
Apprentice period
Dark period
Contemporary period
Educative period
49. Founded the second order of St. Francis of Assisi
St. Catherine
St. Anne
St. Clare
St. Elizabeth
50. This period marked the religious upheaval of Luther, Who questions the Christian faith.
Apprentice period
Dark period
Contemporary period
Educative period
51. According to the Biopsychosocial and spiritual theory of Sister Callista Roy, Man, As a SOCIAL being is
Like all other men
Like some other men
Like no other men
Like men
52. She conceptualized that man, as an Open system is in constant interaction and transaction with a changing environment.
Roy
Levin
Neuman
Newman
53. In a CLOSED system, which of the following is true?
Affected by matter
A sole island in vast ocean
Allows input
Constantly affected by matter, energy, information
54. Who postulated the WHOLISTIC concept that the totality is greater than sum of its parts?
Roy
Rogers
Henderson
Johnson
55. She theorized that man is composed of sub and supra systems. Subsystems are cells, tissues, organs and systems while the suprasystems are family, society and community.
Roy
Rogers
Henderson
Johnson
56. Which of the following is not true about the human needs?
Certain needs are common to all people
Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy
Needs are stimulated by internal factors
Needs are stimulated by external factors
57. Which of the following is TRUE about the human needs?
May not be deferred
Are not interrelated
Met in exact and rigid way
Priorities are alterable
58. According to Maslow, which of the following is NOT TRUE about a self actualized person?
Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
Desires privacy, autonomous
Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth
Problem centered
59. According to Maslow, which of the following is TRUE about a self actualized person?
Makes decision contrary to public opinion
Do not predict events
Self centered
Maximum degree of self conflict
60. This is the essence of mental health
Self awareness
Self actualization
Self esteem
Self worth
61. Florence nightingale is born in
Germany
Britain
France
Italy
62. Which is unlikely of Florence Nightingale?
Born May 12, 1840
Built St. Thomas school of nursing when she was 40 years old
Notes in nursing
Notes in hospital
63. What country did Florence Nightingale train in nursing?
Belgium
US
Germany
England
64. Which of the following is recognized for developing the concept of HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS?
Erikson
Madaw
Peplau
Dunn
65. One of the expectations is for nurses to join professional association primarily because of
Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
Works for raising funds for nurse’s benefit
Facilitate and establishes acquaintances
Assist them and securing jobs abroad
66. Founder of the PNA
Julita Sotejo
Anastacia Giron Tupas
Eufemia Octaviano
Anesia Dionisio
67. Which of the following provides that nurses must be a member of a national nurse organization?
R.A 877
1981 Code of ethics approved by the house of delegates and the PNA
Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON
RA 7164
68. Which of the following best describes the action of a nurse who documents her nursing diagnosis?
She documents it and charts it whenever necessary
She can be accused of malpractice
She does it regularly as an important responsibility
She charts it only when the patient is acutely ill
69. Which of the following does not govern nursing practice?
RA 7164
RA 9173
BON Res. Code Of Ethics
BON Res. Scope of Nursing Practice
70. A nurse who is maintaining a private clinic in the community renders service on maternal and child health among the neighborhood for a fee is:
Primary care nurse
Independent nurse practitioner
Nurse-Midwife
Nurse specialist
71. When was the PNA founded?
September 22, 1922
September 02, 1920
October 21, 1922
September 02, 1922
72. Who was the first president of the PNA ?
Anastacia Giron-Tupas
Loreto Tupas
Rosario Montenegro
Ricarda Mendoza
73. Defines health as the ability to maintain internal milieu. Illness according to him/her/them is the failure to maintain internal environment.
Cannon
Bernard
Leddy and Pepper
Roy
74. Postulated that health is a state and process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
Cannon
Bernard
Dunn
Roy
75. What regulates HOMEOSTASIS according to the theory of Walter Cannon?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Buffer system
Various mechanisms
76. Stated that health is WELLNESS. A termed define by the culture or an individual.
Roy
Henderson
Rogers
King
77. Defined health as a dynamic state in the life cycle, and Illness as interference in the life cycle.
Roy
Henderson
Rogers
King
78. She defined health as the soundness and wholness of developed human structure and bodily mental functioning.
Orem
Henderson
Neuman
Clark
79. According to her, Wellness is a condition in which all parts and subparts of an individual are in harmony with the whole system.
Orem
Henderson
Neuman
Johnson
80. Postulated that health is reflected by the organization, interaction, interdependence and integration of the subsystem of the behavioral system.
Orem
Henderson
Neuman
Johnson
81. According to them, Well being is a subjective perception of BALANCE, HARMONY and VITALITY
Leavell and Clark
Peterson and Zderad
Benner and Wruber
Leddy and Pepper
82. He describes the WELLNESS-ILLNESS Continuum as interaction of the environment with well being and illness.
Cannon
Bernard
Dunn
Clark
83. An integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing one’s potential within the limitation of the environment.
Well being
Health
Low level Wellness
High level Wellness
84. What kind of illness precursor, according to DUNN is cigarette smoking?
Heredity
Social
Behavioral
Environmental
85. According to DUNN, Overcrowding is what type of illness precursor?
Heredity
Social
Behavioral
Environmental
86. Health belief model was formulated in 1975 by who?
Becker
Smith
Dunn
Leavell and Clark
87. In health belief model, Individual perception matters. Which of the following is highly UNLIKELY to influence preventive behavior?
Perceived susceptibility to an illness
Perceived seriousness of an illness
Perceived threat of an illness
Perceived curability of an illness
88. Which of the following is not a PERCEIVED BARRIER in preventive action?
Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle
Economic factors
Accessibility of health care facilities
Increase adherence to medical therapies
89. Conceptualizes that health is a condition of actualization or realization of person’s potential. Avers that the highest aspiration of people is fulfillment and complete development actualization.
Clinical Model
Role performance Model
Adaptive Model
Eudaemonistic Model
90. Views people as physiologic system and Absence of sign and symptoms equates health.
Clinical Model
Role performance Model
Adaptive Model
Eudaemonistic Model
91. Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it is what type of VARIABLE according to the health belief model?
Demographic
Sociopsychologic
Structural
Cues to action
92. It includes internal and external factors that leads the individual to seek help
Demographic
Sociopsychologic
Structural
Cues to action
93. Influence from peers and social pressure is included in what variable of HBM?
Demographic
Sociopsychologic
Structural
Cues to action
94. Age, Sex, Race etc. is included in what variable of HBM?
Demographic
Sociopsychologic
Structural
Cues to action
95. According to Leavell and Clark’s ecologic model, All of this are factors that affects health and illness except
Reservoir
Agent
Environment
Host
96. Is a multi dimensional model developed by PENDER that describes the nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health
Ecologic Model
Health Belief Model
Health Promotion Model
Health Prevention Model
97. Defined by Pender as all activities directed toward increasing the level of well being and self actualization.
Health prevention
Health promotion
Health teaching
Self actualization
98. Defined as an alteration in normal function resulting in reduction of capacities and shortening of life span.
Illness
Disease
Health
Wellness
99. Personal state in which a person feels unhealthy
Illness
Disease
Health
Wellness
100. According to her, Caring is defined as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client towards whom the nurse feels a sense of commitment and responsibility.
Benner
Watson
Leininger
Swanson
Answers and Rationales
D. Person, Environment, Nursing, Health. This is an actual board exam question and is a common board question. Theorist always describes The nursing profession by first defining what is NURSING, followed by the PERSON, ENVIRONMENT and HEALTH CONCEPT. The most popular theory was perhaps Nightingale’s. She defined nursing as the utilization of the persons environment to assist him towards recovery. She defined the person as somebody who has a reparative capabilities mediated and enhanced by factors in his environment. She describes the environment as something that would facilitate the person’s reparative process and identified different factors like sanitation, noise, etc. that affects a person’s reparative state.
A. Nightingale. Florence nightingale do not believe in the germ theory, and perhaps this was her biggest mistake. Yet, her theory was the first in nursing. She believed that manipulation of environment that includes appropriate noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, sanitation etc. could provide the client’s body the nurturance it needs for repair and recovery.
C. Roy. Remember the word “ THEOROYTICAL “ For Callista Roy, Nursing is a theoretical body of knowledge that prescribes analysis and action to care for an ill person. She introduced the ADAPTATION MODEL and viewed person as a BIOSPSYCHOSOCIAL BEING. She believed that by adaptation, Man can maintain homeostasis.
B. Orem. In self care deficit theory, Nursing is defined as A helping or assistive profession to person who are wholly or partly dependent or when people who are to give care to them are no longer available. Self care, are the activities that a person do for himself to maintain health, life and well being.
A. Neuman. Neuman divided stressors as either intra, inter and extra personal in nature. She said that NURSING is concerned with eliminating these stressors to obtain a maximum level of wellness. The nurse helps the client through PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY prevention modes. Please do not confuse this with LEAVELL and CLARK’S level of prevention.
A. Henderson. This was an actual board question. Remember this definition and associate it with Virginia Henderson. Henderson also describes the NATURE OF NURSING theory. She identified 14 basic needs of the client. She describes nursing roles as SUBSTITUTIVE : Doing everything for the client, SUPPLEMENTARY : Helping the client and COMPLEMENTARY : Working with the client. Breathing normally, Eliminating waste, Eating and drinking adquately, Worship and Play are some of the basic needs according to her.
C. Leininger. There are many theorist that describes nursing as CARE. The most popular was JEAN WATSON’S Human Caring Model. But this question pertains to Leininger’s definition of caring. CUD I LIE IN GER? [ Could I Lie In There ] Is the Mnemonics I am using not to get confused. C stands for CENTRAL , U stands for UNIFYING, D stands for DOMINANT DOMAIN. I emphasize on this matter due to feedback on the last June 2006 batch about a question about CARING.
D. Swanson . Caring according to Swanson involves 5 processes. Knowing means understanding the client. Being with emphasizes the Physical presence of the nurse for the patient. Doing for means doing things for the patient when he is incapable of doing it for himself. Enabling means helping client transcend maturational and developmental stressors in life while Maintaining belief is the ability of the Nurse to inculcate meaning to these events.
B. Watson. The deepest and spiritual definition of Caring came from Jean watson. For her, Caring expands the limits of openess and allows access to higher human spirit.
A. Benner. I think of CARE BEAR to facilitate retainment of BENNER. As in, Care Benner. For her, Caring means being CONNECTED or making things matter to people. Caring according to Benner give meaning to illness and re establish connection.
B. It serves specific interest of a group.Believe it or not, you should know the definition of profession according to Jahoda because it is asked in the Local boards. A profession should serve the WHOLE COMMUNITY and not just a specific intrest of a group. Everything else, are correct.
A. Concerned with quantity. A professional is concerned with QUALITY and not QUANTITY. In nursing, We have methods of quality assurance and control to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care. Nurses, are never concerned with QUANTITY of care provided.
C. Caring. Caring and caring alone, is the most unique quality of the Nursing Profession. It is the one the delineate Nursing from other professions.
B. Personality. Personality are qualities that make us different from each other. These are impressions that we made, or the footprints that we leave behind. This is the result of the integration of one’s talents, behavior, appearance, mood, character, morals and impulses into one harmonious whole. Philosophy is the basic truth that fuel our soul and give our life a purpose, it shapes the facets of a person’s character. Charm is to attract other people to be a change agent. Character is our moral values and belief that guides our actions in life.
D. Character.Rationale: Refer to number 14
D. Provide in service education programs, Use accurate nursing audit, formulate philosophy and vision of the institution . A refers to being a change agent. B is a role of a patient advocate. C is a case manager while D basically summarized functions of a nurse manager. If you haven’t read Lydia Venzon’s Book : NURSING MANAGEMENT TOWARDS QUALITY CARE, I suggest reading it in advance for your management subjects in the graduate school. Formulating philosophy and vision is in PLANNING. Nursing Audit is in CONTROLLING, In service education programs are included in DIRECTING. These are the processes of Nursing Management, I just forgot to add ORGANIZING which includes formulating an organizational structure and plans, Staffing and developing qualifications and job descriptions.
A. Determine client’s need.You can never provide nursing care if you don’t know what are the needs of the client. How can you provide an effective postural drainage if you do not know where is the bulk of the client’s secretion. Therefore, the best description of a care provider is the accurate and prompt determination of the client’s need to be able to render an appropriate nursing care.
B. Client advocate. As a client’s advocate, Nurses are to protect the client’s right and promotes what is best for the client. Knowing that Morphine causes spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and will lead to further increase in the client’s pain, The nurse knew that the best treatment option for the client was not provided and intervene to provide the best possible care.
C. Interdependent. Interdependent functions are those that needs expertise and skills of multiple health professionals. Example is when A child was diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome and the doctor ordered a high protein diet, Budek then work together with the dietician about the age appropriate high protein foods that can be given to the child, Including the preparation to entice the child into eating the food. NOTE : It is still debated if the diet in NS is low, moderate or high protein, In the U.S, Protein is never restricted and can be taken in moderate amount. As far as the local examination is concerned, answer LOW PROTEIN HIGH CALORIC DIET.
A. Total patient care. This is also known as case nursing. It is a method of nursing care wherein, one nurse is assigned to one patient for the delivery of total care. These are the method use by Nursing students, Private duty nurses and those in critical or isolation units.
D. Total patient care .Total patient care works best if there are many nurses but few patients.
A. Functional nursing. Functional nursing is task oriented, One nurse is assigned on a particular task leading to task expertise and efficiency. The nurse will work fast because the procedures are repetitive leading to task mastery. This care is not recommended as this leads fragmented nursing care.
C. Primary nursing. Your keyword in Primary nursing is the 24 hours. This does not necessarily means the nurse is awake for 24 hours, She can have a SECONDARY NURSES that will take care of the patient in shifts where she is not arround.
D. Nightingale . Refer to question # 2. Hammurabi is the king of babylon that introduces the LEX TALIONES law, If you kill me, you should be killed… If you rob me, You should be robbed, An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Alexander the great was the son of King Philip II and is from macedonia but he ruled Greece including Persia and Egypt. He is known to use a hammer to pierce a dying soldier’s medulla towards speedy death when he thinks that the soldier will die anyway, just to relieve their suffering. Fabiola was a beautiful roman matron who converted her house into a hospital.
A. Henderson. Refer to question # 6.
A. Levin. Myra Levin described the 4 Conservation principles which are concerned with the Unity and Integrity of an individual. These are ENERGY : Our output to facilitate meeting of our needs. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY : We mus maintain the integrity of our organs, tissues and systems to be able to function and prevent harmful agents entering our body. PERSONAL INTEGRITY : These refers to our self esteem, self worth, self concept, identify and personality. SOCIAL INTEGRITY : Reflects our societal roles to our society, community, family, friends and fellow individuals.
D. Neuman . Betty Neuman asserted that nursing is a unique profession and is concerned with all the variables affecting the individual’s response to stressors. These are INTRA or within ourselves, EXTRA or outside the individual, INTER means between two or more people. She proposed the HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL which states that by PRIMARY, SECONDARY and TERTIARY prevention, The nurse can help the client maintain stability against these stressors.
B. Johnson. According to Dorothy Johnson, Each person is a behavioral system that is composed of 7 subsystems. Man adjust or adapt to stressors by a using a LEARNED PATTERN OF RESPONSE. Man uses his behavior to meet the demands of the environment, and is able to modified his behavior to support these demands.
C. Weidenbach.Just remember ERNESTINE WEIDENBACHLINICAL.
A. Erickson,Tomlin,Swain
D. Boykin,Schoenhofer . This theory was called GRAND THEORY because boykin and schoenofer thinks that ALL MAN ARE CARING, And that nursing is a response to this unique call. According to them, CARING IS A MORAL IMPERATIVE, meaning, ALL PEOPLE will tend to help a man who fell down the stairs even if he is not trained to do so.
A. Travelbee. Travelbee’s theory was referred to as INTERPERSONAL theory because she postulated that NURSING is to assist the individual and all people that affects this individual to cope with illness, recover and FIND MEANING to this experience. For her, Nursing is a HUMAN TO HUMAN relationship that is formed during illness. To her, an individual is a UNIQUE and irreplaceable being in continuous process of becoming, evolving and changing. PLEASE do remember, that it is PARSE who postulated the theory of HUMAN BECOMING and not TRAVELBEE, for I read books that say it was TRAVELBEE and not PARSE.
C. Kohlberg. Kohlber states that relationships are based on mutual trust. He postulated the levels of morality development. At the first stage called the PREMORAL or preconventional, A child do things and label them as BAD or GOOD depending on the PUNISHMENT or REWARD they get. They have no concept of justice, fairness and equity, for them, If I punch this kid and mom gets mad, thats WRONG. But if I dance and sing, mama smiles and give me a new toy, then I am doing something good. In the Conventional level, The individual actuates his act based on the response of the people around him. He will follow the rules, regulations, laws and morality the society upholds. If the law states that I should not resuscitate this man with a DNR order, then I would not. However, in the Post conventional level or the AUTONOMOUS level, the individual still follows the rules but can make a rule or bend part of these rules according to his own MORALITY. He can change the rules if he thinks that it is needed to be changed. Example is that, A nurse still continue resuscitating the client even if the client has a DNR order because he believes that the client can still recover and his mission is to save lives, not watch patients die.
D. Peters . Remember PETERS for PRINCIPLES. P is to P. He believes that morality has 3 components : EMOTION or how one feels, JUDGEMENT or how one reason and BEHAVIOR or how one actuates his EMOTION and JUDGEMENT. He believes that MORALITY evolves with the development of PRINCPLES or the person’s vitrue and traits. He also believes in AUTOMATICITY of virtues or he calls HABIT, like kindness, charity, honesty, sincerity and thirft which are innate to a person and therfore, will be performed automatically.
C. Identification. A child, according to Freud adopts parental standards, traits, habits and norms through identication. A good example is the corned beef commercial ” WALK LIKE A MAN, TALK LIKE A MAN ” Where the child identifies with his father by wearing the same clothes and doing the same thing.
D. Schulman and Mekler . According to Schulman and Mekler, there are 2 components that makes an action MORAL : The intention should be good and the Act must be just. A good example is ROBIN HOOD, His intention is GOOD but the act is UNJUST, which makes his action IMMORAL.
B. Westerhoff. There are only 2 theorist of FAITH that might be asked in the board examinations. Fowler and Westerhoff. What differs them is that, FAITH of fowler is defined abstractly, Fowler defines faith as a FORCE that gives a meaning to a person’s life while Westerhoff defines faith as a behavior that continuously develops through time.
C. Fowler. Rationale: Refer to # 37
B. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of nursing
C. Philippine General Hospital
A. Elizabeth.Saint Elizabeth of Hungary was a daughter of a King and is the patron saint of nurses. She build hospitals and feed hungry people everyday using the kingdom’s money. She is a princess, but devoted her life in feeding the hungry and serving the sick.
A. Clara louise Maas. Clara Louise Maas sacrificed her life in research of YELLOW FEVER. People during her time do not believe that yellow fever was brought by mosquitoes. To prove that they are wrong, She allowed herself to be bitten by the vector and after days, She died.
C. Moses
C. India
A. Chinese. Chinese believes that male newborns are demon magnets. To fool those demons, they put female clothes to their male newborn.
B. Intuitive period.Egyptians believe that a sick person is someone with an evil force or demon that is inside their heads. To release these evil spirits, They would tend to drill holes on the patient’s skull and it is called TREPHINING.
A. Apprentice period.What dilineates apprentice period among others is that, it ENDED when formal schools were established. During the apprentice period, There is no formal educational institution for nurses. Most of them receive training inside the convent or church. Some of them are trained just for the purpose of nursing the wounded soldiers. But almost all of them are influenced by the christian faith to serve and nurse the sick. When Fliedner build the first formal school for nurses, It marked the end of the APPRENTICESHIP period.
A. Apprentice period. Apprentice period is marked by the emergence of religious orders the are devoted to religious life and the practice of nursing.
C. St. Clare. The poor clares, is the second order of St. Francis of assisi. The first order was founded by St. Francis himself. St. Catherine of Siena was the first lady with the lamp. St. Anne is the mother of mama mary. St. Elizabeth is the patron saint of Nursing.
B. Dark period. Protestantism emerged with Martin Luther questions the Pope and Christianity. This started the Dark period of nursing when the christian faith was smeared by controversies. These leads to closure of some hospital and schools run by the church. Nursing became the work of prostitutes, slaves, mother and least desirable of women.
B. Like some other men.According to ROY, Man as a social being is like some other man. As a spiritual being and Biologic being, Man are all alike. As a psychologic being, No man thinks alike. This basically summarized her BIOPSYHOSOCIAL theory which is included in our licensure exam coverage.
A. Roy. OPEN system theory is ROY. As an open system, man continuously allows input from the environment. Example is when you tell me Im good looking, I will be happy the entire day, Because I am an open system and continuously interact and transact with my environment. A close system is best exemplified by a CANDLE. When you cover the candle with a glass, it will die because it will eventually use all the oxygen it needs inside the glass for combustion. A closed system do not allow inputs and output in its environment.
B. A sole island in vast ocean
B. Rogers. The wholistic theory by Martha Rogers states that MAN is greater than the sum of all its parts and that his dignity and worth will not be lessen even if one of this part is missing. A good example is ANNE BOLEYN, The mother of Queen Elizabeth and the wife of King Henry VIII. She was beheaded because Henry wants to mary another wife and that his divorce was not approved by the pope. Outraged, He insisted on the separation of the Church and State and divorce Anne himself by making everyone believe that Anne is having an affair to another man. Anne was beheaded while her lips is still saying a prayer. Even without her head, People still gave respect to her diseased body and a separate head. She was still remembered as Anne boleyn, Mother of Elizabeth who lead england to their GOLDEN AGE.
B. Rogers. According to Martha Rogers, Man is composed of 2 systems : SUB which includes cells, tissues, organs and system and SUPRA which includes our famly, community and society. She stated that when any of these systems are affected, it will affect the entire individual.
B. Needs should be followed exactly in accordance with their hierarchy.Needs can be deferred. I can urinate later as not to miss the part of the movie’s climax. I can save my money that are supposedly for my lunch to watch my idols in concert. The physiologic needs can be meet later for some other needs and need not be strictly followed according to their hierarchy.
D. Priorities are alterable. Refer to question # 56.
C. Follows the decision of the majority, uphold justice and truth. A,B and D are all qualities of a self actualized person. A self actualized person do not follow the decision of majority but is self directed and can make decisions contrary to a popular opinion.
A. Makes decision contrary to public opinion. Refer to question # 58.
B. Self actualization. The peak of maslow’s hierarchy is the essence of mental health.
D. Italy. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, May 12, 1820. Studied in Germany and Practiced in England.
A. Born May 12, 1840
C. Germany
D. Dunn. According to Dunn, High level wellness is the ability of an individual to maximize his full potential with the limitations imposed by his environment. According to him, An individual can be healthy or ill in both favorable and unfavorable environment.
A. Promotes advancement and professional growth among its members
B. Anastacia Giron Tupas
C. Board resolution No. 1955 Promulgated by the BON. This is an old board resolution. The new Board resolution is No. 220 series of 2004 also known as the Nursing Code Of ethics which states that [ SECTION 17, A ] A nurse should be a member of an accredited professional organization which is the PNA.
C. She does it regularly as an important responsibility
A. RA 7164. 7164 is an old law. This is the 1991 Nursing Law which was repealed by the newer 9173.
B. Independent nurse practitioner
D. September 02, 1922. According to the official PNA website, they are founded September 02, 1922.
C. Rosario Montenegro. Anastacia Giron Tupas founded the FNA, the former name of the PNA but the first President was Rosario Montenegro.
B. Bernard. According to Bernard, Health is the ability to maintain and Internal Milieu and Illness is the failure to maintain the internal environment.
D. Roy. According to ROY, Health is a state and process of becoming a WHOLE AND INTEGRATED Person.
B. Negative feedback. The theory of Health as the ability to maintain homeostasis was postulated by Walter Cannon. According to him, There are certain FEEDBACK Mechanism that regulates our Homeostasis. A good example is that when we overuse our arm, it will produce pain. PAIN is a negative feedback that signals us that our arm needs a rest.
C. Rogers. Martha Rogers states that HEALTH is synonymous with WELLNESS and that HEALTH and WELLNESS is subjective depending on the definition of one’s culture.
D. King .Emogene King states that health is a state in the life cycle and Illness is any interference on this cycle. I enjoyed the Movie LION KING and like what Mufasa said that they are all part of the CIRCLE OF LIFE, or the Life cycle.
A. Orem. Orem defined health as the SOUNDNESS and WHOLENESS of developed human structure and of bodily and mental functioning.
C. Neuman. Neuman believe that man is composed of subparts and when this subparts are in harmony with the whole system, Wellness results. Please do not confuse this with the SUB and SUPRA systems of martha rogers.
D. Johnson . Once you see the phrase BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM, answer Dorothy Johnson.
D. Leddy and Pepper .According to Leddy and Pepper, Wellness is subjective and depends on an individuals perception of balance, harmony and vitality. Leavell and Clark postulared the ecologic model of health and illness or the AGENT-HOST-ENVIRONMENT model. Peterson and Zderad developed the HUMANISTIC NURSING PRACTICE theory while Benner and Wruber postulate the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL.
C. Dunn
D. High level Wellness
C. Behavioral. Behavioral precursors includes smoking, alcoholism, high fat intake and other lifestyle choices. Environmental factors involved poor sanitation and over crowding. Heridity includes congenital and diseases acquired through the genes. There are no social precursors according to DUNN.
D. Environmental
A. Becker. According to Becker, The belief of an individual greatly affects his behavior. If a man believes that he is susceptible to an illness, He will alter his behavior in order to prevent its occurence. For example, If a man thinks that diabetes is acquired through high intake of sugar and simple carbohydrates, then he will limit the intake of foods rich in these components.
D. Perceived curability of an illness . If a man think he is susceptibe to a certain disease, thinks that the disease is serious and it is a threat to his life and functions, he will use preventive behaviors to avoid the occurence of this threat.
A. Difficulty adhering to the lifestyle and B. Economic factors. Perceived barriers are those factors that affects the individual’s health preventive actions. Both A and B can affect the individual’s ability to prevent the occurence of diseases. C and D are called Preventive Health Behaviors which enhances the individual’s preventive capabilities.
D. Eudaemonistic Model . Smith formulated 5 models of health. Clinical model simply states that when people experience sign and symptoms, they would think that they are unhealthy therefore, Health is the absence of clinical sign and symptoms of a disease. Role performance model states that when a person does his role and activities without deficits, he is healthy and the inability to perform usual roles means that the person is ill. Adaptive Model states that if a person adapts well with his environment, he is healthy and maladaptation equates illness. Eudaemonistic Model of health according to smith is the actualization of a person’s fullest potential. If a person functions optimally and develop self actualization, then, no doubt that person is healthy.
A. Clinical Model. Rationale: Refer to question # 89.
C. Structural. Modifying variables in Becker’s health belief model includes DEMOGRAPHIC : Age, sex, race etc. SOCIOPSYCHOLOGIC : Social and Peer influence. STRUCTURAL : Knowledge about the disease and prior contact with it and CUES TO ACTION : Which are the sign and symptoms of the disease or advice from friends, mass media and others that forces or makes the individual seek help.
D. Cues to action . Refer to question # 91.
B. Sociopsychologic. Refer to question # 91.
A. Demographic. Refer to question # 91.
A. Reservoir. According to L&C’s Ecologic model, there are 3 factors that affect health and illness. These are the AGENT or the factor the leads to illness, either a bacteria or an event in life. HOST are persons that may or may not be affected by these agents. ENVIRONMENT are factors external to the host that may or may not predispose him to the AGENT.
C. Health Promotion Model. Pender developed the concept of HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL which postulated that an individual engages in health promotion activities to increase well being and attain self actualization. These includes exercise, immunization, healthy lifestyle, good food, self responsibility and all other factors that minimize if not totally eradicate risks and threats of health.
B. Health promotion. Refer to question # 96.
B. Disease. Disease are alteration in body functions resulting in reduction of capabilities or shortening of life span.
A. Illness. Illness is something PERSONAL. Unlike disease, Illness are personal state in which person feels unhealthy. An old person might think he is ILL but in fact, he is not due, to diminishing functions and capabilities, people might think they are ILL. Disease however, is something with tangible basis like lab results, X ray films or clinical sign and symptoms.
B. Watson. This is Jean Watson’s definition of Nursing as caring. This was asked word per word last June 06′ NLE. Benner defines caring as something that matters to people. She postulated the responsibility created by Caring in nursing. She was also responsible for the PRIMACY OF CARING MODEL. Leininger defind the 4 conservation principle while Swanson introduced the 5 processes of caring.