Fundamentals of Nursing Practice Exam 4

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Fit anti-embolism stockings on both legs. Fitting anti-embolism stockings on both legs is an effective intervention for preventing thrombophlebitis. These stockings apply graduated compression, which helps promote venous return from the legs to the heart, reducing venous stasis and the risk of blood clot formation. This is particularly important in patients who are immobile or have reduced mobility, as they are at higher risk for developing thromboembolic complications. By enhancing circulation, anti-embolism stockings play a crucial role in preventing thrombophlebitis and other related conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Think of anti-embolism stockings like supportive tights that gently squeeze your legs to help blood flow back to your heart, similar to how a water pump helps move water through pipes. This continuous pressure prevents blood from pooling and forming clots.

Preventing thrombophlebitis involves promoting venous circulation and reducing factors that contribute to venous stasis. Anti-embolism stockings are a key preventive measure because they provide consistent and controlled pressure, enhancing blood flow and minimizing the risk of clot formation. This intervention is part of a broader strategy that includes mobilization, hydration, and possibly pharmacological prophylaxis, depending on the patient's risk factors.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Raise the knee section of the bed. Elevating the knee section of the bed may increase the risk of venous stasis in the legs by obstructing venous return. This position is not recommended for preventing thrombophlebitis.

Perform vigorous leg massages. Vigorous leg massages are contraindicated as they can dislodge a clot if one is already present, potentially leading to a pulmonary embolism. Gentle, passive range-of-motion exercises are more appropriate.

Advise the patient to sit with knees crossed. Sitting with knees crossed can impede venous return and increase the risk of venous stasis and clot formation. Patients should be advised to avoid this position to maintain optimal circulation.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., & Bare, B. G. (2014). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Positioning a pillow under the head and shoulders of the body. Before rigor mortis sets in, it is important to position the body correctly. Placing a pillow under the head and shoulders helps to prevent blood from pooling and causing discoloration, and it ensures the body is in a dignified position. Proper positioning also makes it easier for family viewing and for the body to be handled by funeral home staff.

Think of positioning a mannequin for display. You want it to look natural and dignified, with the head and shoulders properly supported, rather than slumped over. Similarly, positioning a deceased person with a pillow under the head and shoulders ensures a respectful and dignified appearance.

Post-mortem care includes respecting the deceased and ensuring they are prepared appropriately for viewing by loved ones and for transfer to a funeral home. Positioning the body is a key part of this process, helping to maintain the body’s appearance and dignity.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Giving the body a thorough bath and changing its dressings. While cleaning the body and changing dressings may be part of post-mortem care, these tasks are typically performed after initial positioning to ensure the body remains in a dignified position.

Removing the body’s clothing and wrapping it in a shroud. This step is generally done after the body has been positioned and cleaned, not immediately after death.

Allowing the body to lie in a natural, relaxed position. Allowing the body to lie in a natural position without support can result in an undignified appearance and may make it more difficult to manage the body later on. Proper positioning with a pillow under the head and shoulders is necessary.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2020). Fundamentals of Nursing (10th ed.). Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., Bucher, L., & Harding, M. M. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (10th ed.). Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Ensure the patient is protected from injury. The major nursing priority for a patient in the terminal stages of lung cancer who is losing consciousness is to ensure the patient is protected from injury. This involves creating a safe environment to prevent falls or accidents, managing the patient's physical comfort, and monitoring for any changes in condition. Protecting the patient from injury is critical as their level of consciousness decreases, reducing their ability to protect themselves.

Think of caring for a fragile vase that is starting to tip over. Your first priority would be to catch and stabilize it to prevent it from breaking. Similarly, ensuring a terminally ill patient's safety from injury is the first step in providing comprehensive and compassionate care as their condition deteriorates.

Providing safety and comfort are essential in end-of-life care. Protecting the patient from injury addresses immediate physical safety, while other interventions like pain management and airway support can follow based on the patient's condition and care plan. Ensuring a safe environment is a fundamental aspect of nursing care, especially for patients with diminished consciousness.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Insert an airway device. While airway management is important, it should be considered based on the patient's specific needs and overall care goals. It is not always the immediate priority compared to ensuring safety from injury.

Raise the head of the bed. Raising the head of the bed can help with breathing and comfort but is not the first priority compared to ensuring the patient's safety from injury.

Discontinue all pain medications. Discontinuing pain medications would likely cause significant discomfort and distress for the patient. Pain management is a crucial part of end-of-life care to ensure the patient's comfort.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., & Hall, A. M. (2020). Fundamentals of Nursing (10th ed.). Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., Bucher, L., & Harding, M. M. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (10th ed.). Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Ensuring a safe environment to prevent further injury. The main priority in nursing care for a patient with hemiplegia is ensuring a safe environment to prevent further injury. Hemiplegia, which is paralysis of one side of the body, significantly increases the risk of falls and other injuries due to the patient's impaired mobility and potential balance issues. By prioritizing safety, nurses can help prevent complications such as fractures, head injuries, or other trauma that can result from falls. This involves assessing the patient's environment for hazards, providing assistive devices, and educating both the patient and caregivers on safe mobility practices.

Think of ensuring safety for a patient with hemiplegia like baby-proofing a house for a toddler. Just as you remove sharp objects and install safety gates to prevent accidents, you create a safe environment for the patient to reduce the risk of injury from falls or other hazards.

The principles of nursing care emphasize patient safety as a fundamental priority. For patients with neurological impairments like hemiplegia, safety becomes even more critical due to their increased vulnerability. Preventing injuries not only protects the patient’s physical health but also facilitates a stable environment where other aspects of care, such as rehabilitation and education, can be more effectively addressed. The emphasis on safety aligns with nursing standards and guidelines that prioritize creating a secure environment to promote overall well-being and recovery.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Educating the patient about their condition. While education is important, it is not the immediate top priority. Ensuring the patient's safety comes first to prevent injury, which can then create a stable foundation for effective education and learning.

Encouraging the development of a positive self-image. Promoting a positive self-image is crucial for psychological well-being, but it should follow the establishment of a safe environment. Safety is the prerequisite for any further emotional and psychological support.

Assisting the patient in accepting their condition. Helping the patient accept their condition is important for long-term adjustment and mental health, but safety concerns must be addressed first to prevent physical harm and provide a stable basis for this acceptance process.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., & Bare, B. G. (2014). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The administration of a liquid feeding directly into the stomach. Gavage refers to the process of delivering nutrition directly into the stomach via a tube. This method is used when a patient cannot take food orally but still requires nutrition. The tube is usually inserted through the nose or mouth and guided into the stomach, where liquid food is then administered. This procedure is crucial for patients who have difficulty swallowing or other conditions that prevent oral intake of food. Gavage ensures that patients receive the necessary nutrients to maintain their health and support recovery.

Think of gavage as similar to watering a plant directly at its roots using a watering can. Just as the can delivers water directly to where the plant needs it most, gavage delivers nutrients directly to the stomach where the body can use them effectively.

The principles of nursing care include ensuring adequate nutrition for patients who cannot eat by mouth. Gavage feeding is a fundamental skill that nurses must master, particularly when caring for patients with compromised swallowing mechanisms or severe illness. This technique helps prevent malnutrition and supports the healing process by providing essential nutrients directly to the digestive system.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The visual examination of the stomach’s interior. This describes an endoscopy, not gavage. Endoscopy involves using a flexible tube with a camera to visualize the stomach and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

The irrigation of the stomach with a specific solution. This describes gastric lavage, a different procedure used to wash out the stomach contents, often in cases of poisoning or overdose.

The creation of a surgical opening from the abdomen into the stomach. This describes a gastrostomy, which is a surgical procedure to create an opening through the abdomen directly into the stomach, often for long-term feeding.

 

References

• Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., & Frandsen, G. (2020). Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice. Pearson Education.
• Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2018). Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Before meals to avoid discomfort and potential complications. Postural drainage is a technique used to clear mucus from the lungs by positioning the patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions. This procedure is most effective when performed before meals to avoid discomfort and reduce the risk of aspiration or vomiting. Performing postural drainage after meals can cause nausea and vomiting due to the pressure on the stomach. Scheduling it before meals ensures that the patient is more comfortable and the procedure can be performed safely and effectively.

Think of postural drainage like emptying a water bottle. You wouldn't shake the bottle right after filling it because it might spill. Similarly, performing postural drainage before meals ensures the patient doesn't experience discomfort or complications like nausea or vomiting.

The timing of postural drainage is critical to its effectiveness and the patient’s safety. Performing it before meals minimizes the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, and discomfort, all of which can compromise the effectiveness of the therapy and the patient’s well-being. This scheduling also allows for optimal clearance of secretions, which can improve respiratory function and reduce the risk of respiratory infections.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

After meals. This timing is not recommended as it can cause discomfort, nausea, and an increased risk of vomiting or aspiration, which can lead to further complications.

Whenever it fits best into the nurse's schedule. While the nurse’s schedule is important, the timing of postural drainage should prioritize the patient’s safety and comfort. It is crucial to perform the procedure at the most appropriate time to maximize its effectiveness and minimize risks.

Whenever it is most convenient for the patient. While patient convenience is important, the timing of postural drainage should be chosen based on safety and effectiveness. Scheduling it before meals is the safest option to prevent discomfort and potential complications.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Hough, A. (2013). Physiotherapy in Respiratory Care: An Evidence-Based Approach to Respiratory and Cardiac Management. Cengage Learning.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Martha Rogers. Martha Rogers is renowned for her development of the Science of Unitary Human Beings, a conceptual model that places humanity at its center. This theory posits that human beings are more than the sum of their parts and should be understood as integral with the universe. According to Rogers, individuals are dynamic energy fields in constant interaction with the environment. Her model emphasizes the holistic nature of human beings and the importance of considering the whole person, including their physical, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions, in nursing care. This perspective encourages nurses to view patients as unique individuals whose experiences and interactions with their environment are vital to their health and well-being.

Imagine a person as a tree. You cannot fully understand the tree's health by just looking at a single leaf or branch. You must consider the entire tree, its roots, and the environment it grows in to appreciate its overall health and vitality. Similarly, Rogers' theory encourages nurses to consider the whole person and their environment in providing care.

The Science of Unitary Human Beings emphasizes a holistic approach to nursing, which aligns with the foundational nursing principles of caring for the whole person. It challenges nurses to consider the complex interactions between patients and their environments and to focus on the individual's experiences and perceptions. This model encourages the use of therapeutic communication, presence, and interventions that promote harmony between individuals and their surroundings.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Dorothea Orem. Dorothea Orem is known for her Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, which focuses on individuals' abilities to perform self-care activities and the role of nursing in supporting those who cannot fully care for themselves.

Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale is recognized for her Environmental Theory, which highlights the impact of the environment on health and recovery, rather than focusing on the holistic concept of humanity.

Sister Callista Roy. Sister Callista Roy developed the Adaptation Model, which emphasizes how individuals adapt to changes in their environment, focusing on the adaptive responses of individuals rather than the holistic perspective central to Rogers' model.

 

References

• George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice. Pearson.
• Alligood, M. R. (2017). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Dorothea Orem. Dorothea Orem is known for developing the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT). This theory is based on the premise that individuals have an innate ability and responsibility to care for themselves. When individuals are unable to meet their own self-care needs, they experience what Orem termed a "self-care deficit," which requires nursing intervention. Orem's model emphasizes the importance of patient autonomy and the role of nurses in supporting and educating patients to achieve and maintain their self-care capabilities. This approach highlights the collaborative relationship between nurses and patients, aiming to empower individuals to take an active role in their own health and wellness.

Think of Orem's theory like a coach helping an athlete. The athlete strives to perform at their best, but sometimes they need guidance, support, and training from the coach to reach their full potential. Similarly, nurses guide and support patients to enhance their self-care abilities.

Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory is foundational in nursing education and practice, emphasizing patient empowerment and the nurse's role in promoting self-care. It integrates the concepts of self-care, self-care agency, and therapeutic self-care demand, providing a comprehensive framework for assessing patient needs and planning appropriate interventions. Nurses use this theory to evaluate the extent of a patient's self-care deficit and determine the necessary level of nursing care required to assist patients in achieving optimal self-care.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Martha Rogers. Martha Rogers is known for her Science of Unitary Human Beings, which views patients as integral with the universe and focuses on the human-environment energy field interactions, rather than on self-care.

Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale is recognized as the founder of modern nursing and is known for her Environmental Theory, which emphasizes the impact of the environment on patient health and recovery, not specifically on self-care.

Sister Callista Roy. Sister Callista Roy developed the Adaptation Model, which focuses on how individuals adapt to changes in their environment and stresses the importance of adaptation for health, rather than focusing primarily on self-care.

 

References

• George, J. B. (2011). Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice. Pearson.
• Alligood, M. R. (2017). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Nasal cannula. The nasal cannula is the most comfortable method for delivering oxygen to a patient with pneumonia and COPD. This device consists of a lightweight tube with two small prongs that are placed in the nostrils, providing a consistent flow of oxygen. It is less intrusive and allows the patient to talk, eat, and drink comfortably while receiving oxygen therapy. The nasal cannula is suitable for delivering low to moderate concentrations of oxygen, which is typically adequate for patients with COPD and pneumonia, who require supplemental oxygen to maintain adequate oxygen saturation levels without the risk of carbon dioxide retention.

Think of the nasal cannula like wearing a pair of light reading glasses compared to a heavy, full-face mask. The glasses provide the needed help with minimal discomfort, allowing you to go about your daily activities with ease.

Comfort is a key consideration in selecting an oxygen delivery method for patients with chronic respiratory conditions. The nasal cannula allows for effective oxygen delivery while minimizing discomfort and interference with daily activities. For patients with COPD, maintaining a balance between adequate oxygenation and avoiding excessive oxygen levels is crucial, as too much oxygen can suppress their respiratory drive. The nasal cannula provides a practical and comfortable solution for achieving this balance.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Croupette. A croupette is typically used for pediatric patients with croup and is not suitable for adults with pneumonia and COPD. It involves a tent-like enclosure that delivers mist and oxygen, which is less practical and comfortable for adult patients.

Nasal catheter. A nasal catheter can be uncomfortable and is less commonly used due to its invasive nature. It requires insertion into the nasal passage, which can cause irritation and discomfort for the patient.

Partial rebreathing mask. A partial rebreathing mask delivers higher concentrations of oxygen and is more restrictive and less comfortable for patients. It covers the nose and mouth, which can be claustrophobic and interfere with eating and speaking, making it less suitable for long-term use in patients with COPD and pneumonia.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

All of the choices. Effective documentation in nursing is crucial for ensuring high-quality patient care, legal protection, and communication among healthcare providers. The relevant qualities for effective documentation include:

1. Accuracy: Precise recording of patient information, treatments, and observations ensures that the patient's record reflects their actual condition and care received. This helps in providing the right treatment and in legal situations where records may be scrutinized.
2. Conciseness: While thoroughness is essential, conciseness helps in making records clear and easy to understand. It avoids unnecessary information that can clutter the patient's file and makes it easier for healthcare providers to quickly find pertinent information.
3. Thoroughness: Comprehensive documentation includes all relevant details about the patient's condition, care provided, and any changes in their status. It ensures that all aspects of care are recorded, leaving no gaps that could lead to misunderstandings or omissions in care.
4. Up-to-date Records: Timely documentation ensures that the patient's current status and any recent changes are accurately reflected. This is essential for ongoing patient care, as healthcare providers rely on the most recent information to make informed decisions.
5. Organized Documentation: Organized records are easier to navigate and understand. This quality ensures that healthcare providers can quickly locate necessary information, which is critical in emergency situations and for continuity of care.

Think of patient documentation like keeping a detailed and organized logbook for a ship. Accuracy ensures the coordinates and conditions are correct, conciseness makes the log easy to read, thoroughness covers all necessary details, and up-to-date entries provide the latest information on the ship's status. An organized logbook allows the crew to find information quickly, ensuring the ship’s safe and efficient journey.

These documentation qualities are grounded in professional standards and guidelines, such as those from the American Nurses Association (ANA). They support patient safety, enhance communication among healthcare providers, and provide legal protection for both patients and healthcare professionals. Proper documentation practices are essential for maintaining the integrity and continuity of patient care.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Accuracy and conciseness. While these are important qualities, they alone do not cover all aspects of effective documentation. Thoroughness, up-to-date records, and organization are also crucial.

Thoroughness and up-to-date records. These are vital but need to be complemented by accuracy, conciseness, and organized documentation to be fully effective.

Organized documentation. Organization is important, but without accuracy, conciseness, thoroughness, and timeliness, documentation will still fall short of the standards needed for quality patient care.

 

References

• Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., & Frandsen, G. (2020). Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice. Pearson Education.
• American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A mistake, resulting injury, and causation related to this mistake.  In a malpractice lawsuit, a patient must demonstrate four key elements to establish a case against a nurse: duty, breach of duty (mistake), causation, and resulting injury.

1. Duty: The nurse had a professional duty to the patient.
2. Breach of Duty (Mistake): The nurse failed to meet the standard of care expected in the nursing profession, constituting a mistake or negligence.
3. Causation: There must be a direct link between the nurse’s mistake and the injury suffered by the patient. The patient must show that the injury would not have occurred if not for the nurse’s mistake.
4. Resulting Injury: The patient must have sustained an injury as a result of the nurse's breach of duty. This injury can be physical, emotional, or financial.

Without proving all these elements, a malpractice claim is unlikely to be successful. This framework ensures that the responsibility for patient care is upheld while also providing a fair legal standard for evaluating potential malpractice cases.

Consider a gardener hired to care for a garden. If the gardener forgets to water the plants (mistake), the plants die (resulting injury), and it’s clear that the plants died because they weren’t watered (causation), the homeowner can hold the gardener responsible. Similarly, in healthcare, a patient must show a nurse's mistake directly caused their injury.

The principles of duty, breach of duty, causation, and injury are fundamental to legal and ethical standards in healthcare. They help ensure that healthcare providers are held accountable for their professional conduct while providing a clear structure for evaluating claims of malpractice. This system balances the need for patient protection with the recognition of the complex nature of healthcare delivery.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

A mistake, causation related to this mistake, and lack of empathy. While a mistake and causation are correct elements, lack of empathy is not a legal requirement for proving malpractice. Empathy is important in nursing but not a basis for legal liability.

An injury, a mistake, and an assault. Assault is a criminal act and not typically part of a malpractice claim. Malpractice focuses on negligence, not intentional harm.

Causation, carelessness, and a mistake made by the nurse. Carelessness can be part of proving negligence, but it is not a standalone legal requirement. The correct elements also include duty and resulting injury, which are missing from this option.

 

References

• Pozgar, G. D. (2019). Legal and Ethical Issues for Health Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Guido, G. W. (2020). Legal and Ethical Issues in Nursing. Pearson Education.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Objective data. Blood pressure measurement is considered objective data in clinical settings. Objective data refers to measurable, observable facts that can be collected through physical examination, laboratory tests, and diagnostic procedures. Blood pressure is a quantifiable measurement obtained using a sphygmomanometer, providing concrete numerical values (systolic and diastolic pressures) that healthcare providers use to assess a patient's cardiovascular status. This data is critical for diagnosing and monitoring conditions like hypertension, hypotension, and other cardiovascular diseases. Objective data, including vital signs like blood pressure, forms the basis for making informed clinical decisions and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.

Think of blood pressure measurement like checking the air pressure in a car's tires. Just as the tire pressure provides objective information about the car's readiness and safety on the road, blood pressure provides measurable data about a patient's cardiovascular health, guiding medical decisions and interventions.

Objective data is essential in healthcare as it provides factual, unbiased information about a patient's condition. It helps in forming accurate diagnoses, developing treatment plans, and tracking progress over time. Blood pressure, as a vital sign, is a key indicator of a patient's hemodynamic status and overall health, influencing decisions about interventions and management strategies.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The foundation for the nursing diagnosis. While blood pressure is an important part of the data used to form a nursing diagnosis, it is not solely the foundation. A comprehensive nursing diagnosis considers both subjective and objective data from various sources.

An indicator of overall patient health. Although blood pressure is an important indicator of cardiovascular health, it is not the sole indicator of overall patient health. It is one piece of objective data among many that contribute to a holistic view of a patient's health.

Subjective data. Subjective data refers to information reported by the patient about their feelings, perceptions, and experiences, such as pain levels or symptoms described during a history-taking interview. Blood pressure, being a measurable and observable fact, is classified as objective data.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Jarvis, C. (2019). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

1,500 to 2,000 ml. The typical daily urine volume excreted by an adult ranges from 1,500 to 2,000 ml. This range indicates normal renal function and adequate fluid balance in the body. Urine output is influenced by various factors, including fluid intake, kidney function, and overall health status. Maintaining an average urine output within this range is essential for the elimination of waste products and the regulation of electrolytes and fluid balance. This range also helps healthcare providers assess kidney function and detect potential abnormalities in renal health.

Think of the kidneys like a water filtration system. Just as a well-functioning filter processes a certain amount of water daily to keep the system clean and balanced, healthy kidneys produce 1,500 to 2,000 ml of urine daily to remove waste and maintain fluid balance.

Understanding normal urinary output is crucial for assessing renal function and fluid balance in patients. The kidneys play a vital role in filtering blood, removing waste, and maintaining electrolyte and fluid homeostasis. Deviations from the normal urine output range can indicate underlying health issues, such as dehydration, renal impairment, or fluid overload, requiring further investigation and intervention.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

500 to 600 ml. This range is below the typical daily urine volume and could indicate oliguria, a condition characterized by low urine output that may suggest dehydration or renal impairment.

800 to 1,400 ml. While closer to the normal range, this volume is slightly lower than the average expected daily urine output and may not be sufficient to indicate optimal renal function in all adults.

1,000 to 1,200 ml. This range is also below the typical daily urine output for adults. While it might be adequate for some individuals, it is generally considered lower than the average expected urine production.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

At the 5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line.  The first heart sound, S1, is best heard at the 5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line. This location corresponds to the apex of the heart, where the mitral valve is best auscultated. S1 is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole. The sound is louder and more pronounced at the apex because the mitral valve is closer to this area.

Imagine trying to hear the engine of a car; you would stand closest to the engine compartment to hear it best. Similarly, to hear the S1 heart sound, you position the stethoscope closest to the mitral valve, at the 5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line, where it is the loudest.

Proper auscultation of heart sounds is a fundamental skill in nursing and cardiology. The S1 sound signifies the beginning of ventricular contraction (systole) and is a key indicator of heart valve function. Accurate identification of S1 is essential for assessing cardiac function and detecting abnormalities such as murmurs, which can indicate valvular heart diseases.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

At the 3rd intercostal space to the left of the midclavicular line. This location is not specific to any major heart sound auscultation point and does not provide a clear acoustic window for S1.

At the second right intercostal space at the sternal border. This location is where the aortic valve sounds (S2) are best heard, not the mitral valve sound (S1).

At the second left intercostal space at the sternal border. This location is where the pulmonic valve sounds (S2) are best heard, not the mitral valve sound (S1).

 

References

• Bickley, L. S. (2020). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Wolters Kluwer.
• Jarvis, C. (2019). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Start at the right lower quadrant, move to the right upper quadrant, then to the left upper quadrant, and finish in the left lower quadrant.  The correct sequence for assessing a patient's abdomen, specifically for bowel sounds and other abdominal assessments, is to start in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) and then proceed in a clockwise manner to the right upper quadrant (RUQ), the left upper quadrant (LUQ), and finally the left lower quadrant (LLQ). This sequence is followed because it allows for a systematic and thorough examination of the entire abdomen, ensuring that all areas are assessed for abnormalities such as bowel sounds, tenderness, and masses. Starting in the RLQ is particularly important as it is where the ileocecal valve, a common site for bowel sounds, is located.

Think of assessing the abdomen like checking the wheels of a car. You start at one wheel (right lower quadrant) and move clockwise to ensure you examine each wheel systematically. This approach helps ensure nothing is missed and all parts are evaluated thoroughly.

This methodical approach to abdominal assessment is based on anatomical landmarks and the natural progression of the gastrointestinal tract. The right lower quadrant is an ideal starting point because it often has the most active bowel sounds due to the ileocecal valve. By following a consistent pattern, healthcare providers can ensure a complete and efficient assessment, reducing the risk of missing any significant findings. Proper technique and order are essential in physical assessments to provide accurate and comprehensive patient evaluations.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Begin with the right lower lobe, proceed to the right upper lobe, followed by the left upper lobe, and end with the left lower lobe. This option describes the sequence for assessing lung lobes, not the abdomen.

Assess the right hypochondriac, then the left hypochondriac, and finish with the umbilical regions. This sequence is not the standard approach for abdominal assessment. It does not cover all quadrants and is not systematic.

Examine the rectum, followed by the pancreas, the stomach, and the liver. This sequence is not appropriate for a standard abdominal assessment and does not follow the anatomical structure used in clinical practice.

 

References

• Jarvis, C. (2019). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier.
• Bickley, L. S. (2020). Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The patient has nasal packing. Taking a rectal temperature is appropriate in a situation where oral or nasal routes are contraindicated or impractical. Nasal packing obstructs the nasal passages, making oral temperature measurement unreliable and potentially uncomfortable for the patient. In such cases, rectal temperature measurement provides an accurate core body temperature reading. The rectal method is often considered a reliable indicator of core temperature and is used when other methods are not feasible or when precise measurement is critical.

Think of rectal temperature measurement as using a backup route when the main road is blocked. Just as you might take an alternative path to reach your destination when the primary road is closed, healthcare providers use rectal temperature measurement when the usual oral or nasal routes are unavailable.

Rectal temperature measurement is often used in patients who cannot have their temperature taken orally or nasally due to obstructions, intubation, or other medical conditions. It is considered one of the most accurate methods for measuring core body temperature, particularly in critical care settings. However, it should be used with caution and avoided in patients with conditions such as severe hemorrhoids or recent rectal surgery, where it might cause discomfort or injury.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The patient has an arm immobilized in a cast. This condition does not affect the ability to take an oral or tympanic (ear) temperature. Rectal temperature measurement is unnecessary in this case.

The patient is suffering from external hemorrhoids. This condition makes rectal temperature measurement inappropriate due to the potential for increased discomfort and irritation. Alternative methods such as oral or tympanic should be used instead.

The patient is receiving nutrition via gastrostomy feeding tubes. This condition does not affect the ability to take an oral or tympanic temperature. Rectal temperature measurement is unnecessary and less preferable unless other routes are contraindicated.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Jarvis, C. (2019). Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The right to refuse treatment. The right to refuse treatment is a fundamental patient right recognized universally in healthcare settings. This right is grounded in the principles of autonomy and informed consent, which assert that patients have the authority to make decisions about their own bodies and medical care. It means that patients can choose to decline any medical treatment or procedure, even if it is life-sustaining. Healthcare providers must respect this decision, provided that the patient is competent and fully informed of the potential consequences. This right ensures that patients are not subjected to medical interventions against their will and that their personal values and preferences are honored.

Think of a patient’s right to refuse treatment like a person having the choice to decline a meal they don’t want to eat. Just as individuals have the freedom to choose what they put into their bodies, patients have the right to decide what medical treatments they accept or refuse, ensuring their personal preferences and autonomy are respected.

The right to refuse treatment is enshrined in various ethical guidelines and legal frameworks, including the American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics and the Patient Self-Determination Act. These frameworks emphasize the importance of respecting patient autonomy and ensuring that patients have the ability to make informed decisions about their own healthcare. It is essential for healthcare professionals to provide all necessary information for patients to make these decisions and to support them in understanding the potential outcomes of refusing treatment.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The right to euthanasia. Euthanasia is a highly controversial and legally restricted practice that is not universally recognized as a patient right. Its legality and acceptance vary significantly by country and jurisdiction.

The right to ignore hospital regulations. Patients are expected to adhere to hospital regulations to ensure their safety and the safety of others. Ignoring these regulations can jeopardize the healthcare environment and the effectiveness of care provided.

The right to refuse to pay for what the patient considers inferior service. While patients can file complaints about the quality of care received, they are generally not entitled to refuse payment. Billing disputes typically follow specific procedures and are resolved through established channels within the healthcare system.

 

References

• American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association.
• Fremgen, B. F. (2016). Medical Law and Ethics. Pearson.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Decreased peristalsis and discomfort due to position. Constipation is frequent in patients who are not mobile primarily due to decreased peristalsis and discomfort caused by their position. Peristalsis is the series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food and waste through the digestive tract. Physical activity helps stimulate these contractions, promoting bowel movements. When a patient is immobile, there is a lack of physical activity, which leads to reduced peristalsis. Additionally, the discomfort and unnatural positions associated with immobility can further inhibit normal bowel function, making it more difficult for the patient to have regular bowel movements.

Think of the digestive system like a conveyor belt. When the belt moves smoothly (peristalsis), items move along easily. If the belt slows down or stops (decreased peristalsis), items get stuck and cause a backup (constipation). Physical activity keeps the belt moving.

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining healthy bowel function because it stimulates peristalsis, helping to move waste through the intestines. Immobility disrupts this process, leading to slowed bowel movements and increased risk of constipation. Nurses must be aware of this and implement strategies such as encouraging as much movement as possible, providing adequate hydration, and using stool softeners or laxatives when necessary to manage constipation in immobile patients.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

An enhancement in the defecation reflex. This is incorrect because immobility does not enhance the defecation reflex. In fact, it often diminishes the reflex due to decreased stimulation from physical activity.

A reduction in the tightening of the anal sphincter. This is incorrect as immobility does not directly cause a reduction in the tightening of the anal sphincter. Constipation is more closely related to reduced peristalsis and discomfort due to immobility.

An increase in colon motility. This is incorrect because immobility typically results in decreased, not increased, colon motility, contributing to constipation.

 

References

• Perry, A. G., Potter, P. A., & Ostendorf, W. R. (2020). Clinical Nursing Skills & Techniques. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Can you describe your most recent nursing experience? This question is the most appropriate as it directly relates to the candidate's professional background and provides insight into their clinical skills, experience, and suitability for the job. By asking about recent nursing experience, Nurse Martinez can gauge the candidate's practical knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and how they handle various clinical situations. This information is crucial for assessing whether the candidate possesses the competencies required for the position and aligns with the organization’s needs.

Asking a candidate to describe their most recent nursing experience is like asking a mechanic to talk about the last car they repaired. By hearing about the specific issues they faced and the solutions they implemented, you gain insight into their diagnostic skills, technical abilities, and overall approach to problem-solving. This helps you determine if they have the expertise and experience needed for your particular workshop, ensuring they can handle the types of challenges they will encounter on the job.

Asking about recent nursing experience aligns with professional and ethical standards in hiring practices. It ensures that questions are job-related, non-discriminatory, and relevant to the candidate's ability to perform the duties of the position. This approach promotes fairness and focuses on the candidate's qualifications and experience, which are critical factors in making informed hiring decisions.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Are you willing to work overtime, including weekends? While this question is relevant to job availability, it is not the most appropriate initial question for assessing a candidate's professional background and suitability for the job. It focuses more on scheduling rather than the candidate's skills and experience.

How many children do you have? This question is inappropriate and potentially discriminatory. It is unrelated to the candidate's professional abilities and could lead to biases in the hiring process. Questions about family status are irrelevant to job performance and are considered illegal under employment law.

Do you have any plans to become pregnant? This question is also inappropriate and illegal. It is discriminatory and violates employment laws that protect candidates from being asked about personal matters that do not pertain to their job qualifications. Hiring decisions should be based solely on professional criteria, not personal or family plans.

 

References

• Yoder-Wise, P. S. (2019). Leading and Managing in Nursing. Elsevier.
• Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2017). Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

To enhance venous circulation. The primary purpose of using anti-embolism stockings, also known as compression stockings, is to enhance venous circulation. These stockings apply graduated pressure to the legs, with the highest pressure at the ankles and gradually decreasing up the leg. This pressure gradient helps to improve blood flow back to the heart, reducing the risk of venous stasis and the formation of blood clots, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT). By promoting venous return, anti-embolism stockings play a crucial role in preventing complications associated with prolonged immobility, particularly in postoperative patients.

Think of anti-embolism stockings like squeezing a toothpaste tube from the bottom up. The pressure helps move the contents (blood) smoothly towards the top (heart), preventing any blockages (blood clots) from forming.

Enhancing venous circulation is vital in postoperative care to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE), a common and potentially serious complication. Anti-embolism stockings are a non-invasive and effective method to support venous return, especially in patients who are less mobile due to surgery or medical conditions. Proper use of these stockings, combined with other preventive measures such as early mobilization and hydration, significantly reduces the risk of thrombotic events and promotes overall patient safety and recovery.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

To offer external warmth. While anti-embolism stockings may provide some warmth, their primary function is not to offer warmth but to enhance venous circulation and prevent blood clots.

To prevent dependent edema. Although preventing dependent edema can be a secondary benefit of improved circulation, the main reason for using anti-embolism stockings is to enhance venous return and prevent clot formation.

To secure foot dressings. Anti-embolism stockings are not designed to secure foot dressings. Their primary purpose is to improve blood flow and prevent venous stasis.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., & Bare, B. G. (2014). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2019). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.