Text Mode – Text version of the exam 1. Lisa, a registered nurse, is conducting a wound assessment of a patient who has a pressure ulcer on the sacral area. The wound has full-thickness tissue loss in which adipose (fat) is visible, but bone, tendon, or muscle are not exposed. Slough may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. How should Lisa stage this pressure ulcer? A) Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer 2. Emily, a 58-year-old patient with a history of chronic kidney disease, is admitted to the medical unit for evaluation. Upon reviewing her lab results, you notice signs of metabolic alkalosis. As a nursing professional, you know that the body tries to naturally compensate for such imbalances. What would be the body’s physiological response to compensate for Emily’s metabolic alkalosis? A) Slowing down the respiratory rate. 3. You are conducting a head-to-toe assessment on Lisa, a 45-year-old female who was admitted with complaints of nausea and prolonged vomiting. The admitting physician suspects she might have metabolic alkalosis. As a nurse with a strong understanding of acid-base imbalances, what clinical manifestation would you particularly look out for in assessing Lisa for metabolic alkalosis? A) Low blood pressure. 4. You are working in the emergency department and are responsible for administering blood products to patients as needed. John, a 52-year-old male, has just been admitted with severe bleeding due to a motor vehicle accident. Different blood products are considered for rapid infusion to manage his condition. Which among the following blood products is typically infused quickly to be effective? A) Platelets 5. Maria, a 72-year-old patient, has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of fluid volume deficit (FVD) following an episode of severe diarrhea. The medical team is contemplating the use of a hypotonic solution as part of her fluid replacement therapy. As a nursing professional, what rationale would you provide for choosing a hypotonic solution in treating Maria’s FVD? A) A hypotonic solution delivers an abundance of sodium and chloride ions. 6. Keane, a 46-year-old patient with anemia, is undergoing a blood transfusion. About 30 minutes into the transfusion, you notice that Keane’s body temperature has risen. As a nurse well-versed in the potential complications associated with blood transfusions, how would you interpret this elevation in body temperature? A) A routine reaction to the blood transfusion. 7. You are caring for a patient who is receiving intravenous fluids following a surgical procedure. The physician explains that the type of fluid chosen is meant to restore cellular hydration. Intrigued by the process, a nursing student with you asks how water moves from one concentration to another across cell membranes. What term describes the net movement of water from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane? A) Brownian motion 8. Nina, a 60-year-old patient with chronic kidney disease, is experiencing electrolyte imbalances. You’re explaining to her family that her endocrine system plays a role in maintaining electrolyte homeostasis. Specifically, what does the endocrine system typically regulate when it comes to electrolyte balance in the body? A) Reabsorption of chloride and excretion of sodium. 9. You are teaching a group of nursing students about fluid and electrolyte balance. During the discussion, you focus on the intracellular fluid (ICF) composition. One of the students asks which anion is predominantly present in the ICF. How would you answer? A) Chloride 10. Katherine, a 50-year-old patient, comes to the emergency department complaining of severe diarrhea and dehydration. As a nurse experienced in identifying fluid imbalances, you are tasked with assessing her for fluid volume deficit (FVD). What clinical manifestation would you specifically anticipate in Katherine? A) Strong, bounding pulse. 11. You’re supervising a group of nursing students in a clinical setting, and the topic of intracellular fluid (ICF) comes up. One of the students is curious about the major cation present in the ICF. As an experienced nurse, how would you answer? A) Phosphorus 12. You are caring for Martin, a 65-year-old man who has been admitted with muscle weakness and confusion. Blood tests are ordered, and you suspect he may have hypophosphatemia. Which of the following conditions could potentially lead to a decrease in serum phosphate levels like you suspect in Martin? A) Chronic alcohol abuse. 13. You’re closely monitoring Emily, a 59-year-old patient with multiple health concerns. You’re especially attentive to her risk for imbalances in electrolytes. Which among the following medical conditions would heighten Emily’s risk for developing an excess of phosphate, also known as hyperphosphatemia? A) Elevated levels of potassium (Hyperkalemia). 14. During morning rounds, you’re discussing lab results with Dr. Williams. She emphasizes the importance of interpreting calcium levels in a specific context for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In medical practice, normal calcium levels should generally be considered in conjunction with which of the following? A) Blood fats 15. During a nutritional education session, you’re discussing with your patient Sarah about the importance of absorbing essential nutrients for overall health. Sarah is especially keen on optimizing her bone health and queries you on how calcium is absorbed. What specific substance plays a central role in facilitating calcium absorption within the gastrointestinal tract? A) The role of Vitamin D. 16. You’re conducting a comprehensive health assessment on Mark, a 42-year-old male patient. Part of the assessment involves calculating his total body water percentage. You know that multiple factors influence this calculation. Which of the following elements is not a significant influencer of total body water percentage? A) The presence of fat tissue. 17. You are reviewing the lab results for Julia, a 65-year-old patient who has just been diagnosed with hypocalcemia. You’re considering appropriate nursing diagnoses to address her condition. Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most fitting for a patient experiencing low levels of calcium? A) High risk for injury due to confusion. 18. Samantha, a 54-year-old woman, is admitted to the hospital and is receiving hypertonic fluids as part of her treatment plan. As a nurse responsible for her care, you are aware that monitoring for potential complications is crucial. Which of the following is not a potential complication that you need to monitor for while she is on hypertonic fluids? A) Shrinkage of cells. 19. You’re caring for a patient who recently had a parathyroidectomy. Knowing the interplay of hormones that regulate calcium levels is critical in managing her postoperative care. Which hormone is released when there is an increase in serum calcium levels? A) Release of parathyroid hormone. 20. You are managing the care of Robert, a 72-year-old patient who has been admitted with respiratory issues. After reviewing his arterial blood gas (ABG) results, you suspect acidosis. Which electrolyte’s presence is a contributing factor to the development of acidosis? A) Involvement of chloride. 21. You are precepting a group of nursing students and discussing the respiratory system’s role in maintaining acid-base balance. One of the students asks how the lungs participate in this crucial function. How would you explain the lungs’ role in regulating acid-base balance? A) Dividing carbonic acid into two components. 22. During a clinical rotation in the respiratory unit, you’re explaining to nursing students the different physiological systems that maintain the body’s acid-base balance. One student is curious about the specific role of the respiratory system in this regulation. How does the respiratory system contribute to acid-base balance? A) Through the formation of bicarbonate. 23. You’re caring for Emma, a patient in the ICU with severe pneumonia. The physician orders an arterial blood gas (ABG) test to better understand her respiratory status. While reviewing the ABG results, you take note of various components. Which of the following is the gaseous element measured in an ABG? A) Presence of Hydrogen. 24. You’re assigned to the care of Lisa, a 58-year-old patient who has a history of chronic kidney disease. As you review her lab results, you note a fluctuation in her chloride levels. Understanding the role of chloride in acid-base balance is crucial for her management. What role does chloride play in maintaining acid-base balance? A) Stabilizing the balance of cations within the intracellular and extracellular fluid. 25. You’re taking care of Jack, a 62-year-old patient with hypertension who is on diuretic therapy. As part of his electrolyte management, understanding how chloride reabsorption is regulated is vital. Which hormone plays a role in the reabsorption of chloride ions? A) Aldosterone 26. You are providing care for Grace, a patient who recently underwent abdominal surgery. While monitoring her electrolyte levels, you note a decrease in her chloride levels. To make appropriate clinical decisions, you consider where chloride is typically absorbed in the body. Where does this occur? A) Within the liver. 27. Mia, a 74-year-old patient with a history of congestive heart failure, has come in for her regular check-up. Her labs indicate that her chloride levels are below 95 mEq/L. As her nurse, you consider the implications of this on the reabsorption of other electrolytes. When chloride concentration falls below this level, the reabsorption of which electrolyte increases proportionately? A) Potassium 28. Jonas has been admitted to the hospital with a history of substantial diarrhea, losing about 1,000 ml of fluid per day for the past three days. The physician orders an IV of 0.45% NaCl combined with 5% dextrose. As his nurse, what is the most appropriate nursing intervention you should consider? A) Evaluate Jonas’s potassium levels and consult the physician for potential IV additives. 29. Emily, a 68-year-old patient, is on daily digoxin and Lasix. During your shift, she reports feeling nauseous, and you find her apical pulse to be 130 and irregular. As her nurse, what is the most suitable course of action to take? A) Eliminate the orange juice from Emily’s meal tray. 30. Mark, a 50-year-old patient with acute kidney injury, requires manipulation of fluid shifts between intravascular and interstitial compartments. As the attending nurse, you consider the most effective type of fluid to achieve this. What fluid is commonly used for manipulating fluid shifts among compartments? A) Ensure 31. John, a male patient diagnosed with bipolar disorder, has been consuming large amounts of water and urinating often. He is experiencing symptoms like muscle cramps, twitching, and dizziness. As his nurse, what laboratory work would you primarily focus on? A) Evaluate the electrolyte levels, paying special attention to serum sodium. 32. Sara, a patient with chronic fatigue, is advised to increase her magnesium intake. As her nurse, you plan to educate her on dietary sources of magnesium. What foods would you recommend Sara include in her diet for a higher magnesium intake? A) Spread butter on her toast. 33. Lisa, a 28-year-old ICU patient, has been diagnosed with a complex electrolyte imbalance. As a nurse who is responsible for her care, you understand that her cellular processes depend on maintaining a balance of negatively and positively charged ions across the cell membranes. What is this balance termed as? A) Electrical stability. 34. Mr. Johnson, an 85-year-old patient with a feeding tube, presents with symptoms of severe diarrhea, lethargy, poor skin turgor, tachycardia, and hyperactive reflexes. As the nurse in charge of his care, what intervention should be your priority? A) Utilize wrist restraints to prevent feeding tube dislodgement. 35. As a nurse, you are preparing an educational module about the importance of maintaining fluid balance in the body. To make your point, you plan to include the various functions that body fluids perform. Which of the following is NOT a function of body fluids? A) Conveying electrical charges throughout the body. 36. Nurse Emily is reviewing a patient’s case history, who has chronic electrolyte imbalances. She suspects that a malfunction in one of the renal structures could be affecting electrolyte reabsorption. Which renal structure is most likely to influence electrolyte reabsorption? A) The renal tubules. 37. Nurse Riley is assessing Mrs. Johnson, who has recently been diagnosed with hypermagnesemia. The nurse is vigilant for symptoms that could arise due to elevated magnesium levels. What symptoms could Mrs. Johnson potentially display? A) Increased heart rate or tachycardia. 38. Nurse Alex is caring for Tim, a marathon runner, who is at a heightened risk for experiencing fluid volume deficit. Which of the following factors contributes to Tim’s risk? A) An underlying disease process. 39. Nurse Emily is attending to Mr. Goggins, who has been diagnosed with Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD). Which of the following nursing diagnoses is most appropriate for Mr. Goggins’ condition? A) Decreased cardiac output. 40. In assessing the homeostatic control of sodium levels, Nurse Riley recognizes that the regulation of sodium is influenced by the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) Vasopressin (ADH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH). 41. Nurse Jordan is working in the emergency department and is responsible for Sarah, a 36-year-old woman exhibiting signs of electrolyte imbalance. After assessing Sarah’s lab results, Nurse Jordan notes a significant reduction in bicarbonate levels. Which clinical condition is most commonly associated with the depletion of bicarbonate? A. Profuse sweating or diaphoresis. 42. Nurse Taylor is caring for Mark, a 58-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with hypomagnesemia. Mark’s physician has requested that his magnesium levels be closely monitored. Nurse Taylor needs to understand the renal physiology behind magnesium reabsorption to better manage Mark’s condition. What anatomical or hormonal element chiefly regulates the reabsorption of magnesium? A. Renal Glomerulus. 43. Nurse Casey is overseeing the care of Olivia, a 72-year-old patient with a nursing diagnosis indicating a fluid volume deficit. Olivia is on multiple medications for various chronic conditions. Nurse Casey is concerned that one of Olivia’s current medications might worsen her fluid imbalance. Which medication could potentially aggravate Olivia’s fluid volume deficit? A. Digoxin (Lanoxin) 44. You’re caring for Emily, a 48-year-old patient who has been admitted for hypertension and is suspected to have renal impairment. The healthcare team discusses the role of angiotensin II in Emily’s renal regulation of water balance. As a nursing student studying renal physiology, what functions would you attribute to angiotensin II in this context? A. Promoting the secretion of progesterone into the renal tubules. 45. You’re working in the emergency department, and a 33-year-old patient named Mark comes in with symptoms of dehydration. You suspect that he might be experiencing isotonic fluid volume deficit (FVD). To confirm your suspicion, you consider the various ways isotonic FVD can occur. Which of the following could be a reason for Mark’s isotonic FVD? A. Dysfunction in the regulation of thirst. 46. You’re caring for Sarah, a 55-year-old patient in the cardiac unit who has been diagnosed with hypertonic fluid volume excess (FVE). As you evaluate Sarah’s condition and plan her nursing care, which nursing diagnosis is most likely relevant to her hypertonic FVE status? A. Ineffective breathing pattern. 47. You’re preparing an educational seminar on fluid balance for nursing students. One of the topics is the composition of the intracellular fluid compartment. You ask the students, “Besides water, what else is primarily stored in the intracellular compartment?” A. Sodium ions 48. You’re caring for Lisa, a 64-year-old patient with chronic gastrointestinal issues that have led to fluid imbalances. Understanding the gastrointestinal tract’s role in water absorption will help you manage her care effectively. Where does the majority of water reabsorption occur in the gastrointestinal system? A. Esophageal lining 49. You are caring for Maria, a 78-year-old patient admitted with severe dehydration. As part of educating her family on the importance of fluid balance, you explain the various fluid compartments in the body. You ask them, “Do you know where the majority of the body’s water is primarily contained?” A. Interstitial compartment 50. You are tending to John, a 45-year-old patient who has been experiencing persistent vomiting due to a gastrointestinal infection. As his nurse, you are concerned about the potential electrolyte imbalances that may arise from frequent vomiting. Which electrolytes are primarily lost due to this condition? A) Calcium and Potassium 51. You are reviewing the lab results for Clara, a 60-year-old patient in the medical-surgical unit, and notice that her magnesium levels are below the normal range. You start thinking about the potential underlying causes that could lead to her hypomagnesemia. What are the possible etiologies associated with this condition? A. Malabsorption syndrome. 52. You are caring for Henry, a 72-year-old patient who has just undergone abdominal surgery. Post-operatively, you notice signs of third-spacing, a phenomenon where fluid accumulates in compartments that are not easily accessible by the circulatory system. What is the primary concern regarding fluid being sequestered in the third space in Henry’s case? A. Enriched with acidic substances. 53. As a nurse on the intensive care unit, you are managing Emily, a 50-year-old patient with severe sepsis. Due to her critical condition, maintaining proper extracellular fluid balance is crucial. You are explaining the composition of extracellular fluid to a nursing student. Besides water, electrolytes, and proteins, what else is predominantly found in the extracellular fluid? A) Fatty Acids 54. You are working in the cardiology ward and attending to Robert, a 68-year-old patient with coronary artery disease. During your discussion with the medical team, the topic of magnesium and its various physiological functions comes up. Which of the following is NOT a function performed by magnesium in the body? A. Aiding in the metabolism of proteins. 55. You’re caring for Karen, a 52-year-old patient recovering from abdominal surgery. She has multiple surgical drains in place, and you’re closely monitoring her electrolyte levels. Among the options below, which clinical condition is likely to exacerbate the excretion of electrolytes? A. Utilization of surgical drains. 56. You’re consulting with Lisa, a 65-year-old patient with hypertension, about dietary changes to manage her condition. She is interested in knowing what the minimum daily sodium requirement for an adult is. What type of diet would contain this minimum requirement? A. A diet consisting of 1500 calories aimed at weight loss. 57. You are working in the Emergency Department, and Jennifer, a 38-year-old patient comes in with dehydration. The physician orders an isotonic solution to be administered. Which of the following options is an example of an isotonic solution suitable for Jennifer? A. 0.9% Sodium Chloride 1. Correct answer: C) Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer. A Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer is characterized by full-thickness skin and tissue loss. Subcutaneous fat may be visible, but bone, tendon, or muscle are not exposed. Slough and/or eschar may be present on some parts of the wound bed. The depth of a Stage 3 pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location, and the ulcer can extend down to, but not through, the underlying fascia. The description provided in the question matches the characteristics of a Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer. Think of the skin and underlying tissue as layers of clothing. A Stage 1 pressure ulcer is like a stain on the outer layer of clothing (the skin). A Stage 2 pressure ulcer is like a tear that goes through the first layer, exposing the layer underneath. A Stage 3 pressure ulcer is like a tear that goes through multiple layers of clothing, exposing even deeper layers, but not all the way to the innermost layer. The skin is the body’s largest organ and serves as a protective barrier. When sustained pressure is applied to the skin, it can lead to reduced blood flow to the area, causing tissue damage and cell death. A Stage 3 pressure ulcer indicates significant damage that extends through the entire thickness of the skin and into the underlying tissue. Incorrect answer options: A) Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer. A Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer is characterized by non-blanchable erythema of intact skin, typically a red area that does not turn white when pressed. B) Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer. A Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer involves partial-thickness loss of skin with exposed dermis. The wound bed is viable, pink or red, and moist, and may also present as an intact or ruptured blister. D) Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer. A Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer involves full-thickness skin and tissue loss with exposed or directly palpable fascia, muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, or bone in the ulcer. 2. Correct answer: A) Slowing down the respiratory rate. Metabolic alkalosis is a condition where the body has an excess of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) or a deficiency of hydrogen ions (H+), leading to an increase in blood pH. The body’s natural compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis is to slow down the respiratory rate. By doing so, the body retains more carbon dioxide (CO2), which combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, helping to lower the pH and counteract the alkalosis. Imagine you’re trying to balance two baskets of apples and oranges. If you have too many oranges (representing alkalinity), you’d naturally want to add more apples (representing acidity) to even things out. In Emily’s case, her body is “adding more apples” by slowing down her breathing to keep more CO2 (acidic component) in her system, attempting to balance the excess of bicarbonate (alkaline component). In metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys usually try to excrete more bicarbonate ions to restore balance. However, the respiratory system also plays a crucial role in acid-base homeostasis. When the body detects elevated pH levels, chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and carotid bodies signal the respiratory center to decrease the rate and depth of respiration. This leads to an increase in PaCO2, which in turn increases the level of carbonic acid, helping to bring the pH back to a more balanced state. Incorrect answer options: B) Speeding up the respiratory rate. Speeding up the respiratory rate would actually exacerbate the problem by causing respiratory alkalosis. This would lead to the exhalation of more CO2, further increasing the pH and making the metabolic alkalosis worse. C) Enhancing urine output. Increasing urine output would not directly address the issue of metabolic alkalosis. In fact, it could potentially worsen the condition by causing further loss of electrolytes like potassium and chloride, which are often already low in metabolic alkalosis. D) Reducing urine output. Reducing urine output is not a compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis. The kidneys may try to excrete more bicarbonate ions, but reducing urine output would likely lead to fluid retention and exacerbate other underlying conditions, especially in a patient with chronic kidney disease like Emily. 3. Correct answer: D) Reduced levels of serum potassium. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an elevated pH and bicarbonate levels in the blood. One of the key clinical manifestations to look out for in metabolic alkalosis is hypokalemia, or reduced levels of serum potassium. This occurs because the body tries to compensate for the elevated pH by moving hydrogen ions out of the cells and into the bloodstream. To maintain ionic balance, potassium ions move into the cells, leading to a decrease in serum potassium levels. Imagine your body as a busy kitchen where the chefs are trying to make a balanced dish. If they suddenly find that the dish is too spicy (alkaline), they might try to balance it by adding some sweetness (acid). In doing so, they might use up all the sugar available in the kitchen (potassium in the blood), making it scarce. Just like the chefs would look for more sugar, as a nurse, you’d be on the lookout for reduced levels of serum potassium in Lisa’s blood tests. Potassium plays a vital role in cellular function, including the maintenance of electrical gradients in neurons and muscle cells. Reduced levels of serum potassium can lead to a range of symptoms, including muscle weakness, cramps, and even cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, monitoring potassium levels is crucial in patients suspected of metabolic alkalosis, as it can have significant implications for cardiac and neuromuscular function. Incorrect answer options: A) Low blood pressure: While metabolic alkalosis can affect various systems, it is not directly associated with low blood pressure. Low blood pressure is more commonly seen in conditions like dehydration or sepsis. B) Variability in urine production: Metabolic alkalosis does not typically cause variability in urine production. Conditions affecting urine output are more likely related to renal function or fluid balance, rather than acid-base imbalances. C) Elevated central venous pressure (CVP): Elevated CVP is not a direct clinical manifestation of metabolic alkalosis. It is more commonly associated with conditions like heart failure or fluid overload. 4. Correct answer: C) Packed red blood cells (PRBC). In cases of severe bleeding due to trauma, such as a motor vehicle accident, the primary goal is to restore oxygen-carrying capacity and volume as quickly as possible. Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) are the go-to choice for this purpose. PRBCs contain a high concentration of red blood cells, which are essential for carrying oxygen to tissues and organs. Rapid infusion of PRBCs helps to quickly restore hemoglobin levels, thereby improving the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and preventing hypoxia in vital organs. Think of the circulatory system as a delivery service that brings oxygen to various “customers” (organs and tissues) in the body. If there’s a massive “roadblock” (bleeding), fewer “delivery trucks” (red blood cells) can get through, causing a delay in oxygen delivery. Infusing PRBCs is like sending in a fleet of extra delivery trucks to make sure all customers get their oxygen on time. The rapid infusion of PRBCs not only helps in restoring oxygen-carrying capacity but also aids in maintaining adequate blood volume, which is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and perfusion to vital organs. The absence of plasma in PRBCs makes it a concentrated source of red blood cells, allowing for quicker restoration of hemoglobin levels and less fluid overload, which is particularly beneficial in trauma settings. Incorrect answer options: A) Platelets: While platelets are essential for clotting, they are not typically infused rapidly to restore oxygen-carrying capacity in cases of severe bleeding. B) Fresh frozen plasma (FFP): FFP contains clotting factors and can help in coagulation, but it is not the primary choice for rapid restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity. D) Dextran: Dextran is a plasma volume expander and does not contain the red blood cells needed for rapid restoration of oxygen-carrying capacity. It is used to treat hypovolemia but won’t effectively restore hemoglobin levels quickly. 5. Correct answer: C) A hypotonic solution offers free water, aiding in renal solute excretion. In cases of fluid volume deficit (FVD) like Maria’s, especially following an episode of severe diarrhea, the primary concern is rehydration and electrolyte balance. Hypotonic solutions, such as 0.45% saline, are less concentrated than body fluids, which allows for the free movement of water into both the intracellular and extracellular spaces. This helps in rehydrating the cells and aids in renal solute excretion, which is particularly beneficial in cases where the kidneys may be stressed due to dehydration. Imagine a garden where the soil is extremely dry and the plants are wilting. If you water the garden with a solution that is too concentrated with nutrients (like a hypertonic solution), you risk damaging the plants further. However, if you use plain water (akin to a hypotonic solution), it will be absorbed by the soil and reach the roots of the plants, helping them to perk up. Similarly, a hypotonic solution offers “free water” that can be easily absorbed by Maria’s cells, helping her body to recover from dehydration. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. When the body is dehydrated, the kidneys may have to work harder to excrete waste products. A hypotonic solution provides free water, which not only helps in rehydration but also aids the kidneys in flushing out solutes, thereby reducing the workload on these vital organs. Incorrect answer options: A) A hypotonic solution delivers an abundance of sodium and chloride ions. This is incorrect because hypotonic solutions are actually low in sodium and chloride ions compared to isotonic solutions. Their primary purpose is to provide free water for cellular rehydration. B) Hypotonic solutions are advised in large volumes immediately after surgery. This is not accurate. Hypotonic solutions are generally not recommended immediately post-surgery due to the risk of causing cellular edema. D) A hypotonic solution is employed to manage low sodium levels in the blood. This is incorrect. Hypotonic solutions can actually exacerbate low sodium levels (hyponatremia) and are generally not used for this purpose. 6. Correct answer: D) A potential sign of a transfusion reaction. An elevation in body temperature during a blood transfusion is a red flag that should not be ignored. It could be indicative of a transfusion reaction, which is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. Transfusion reactions can occur when the body’s immune system attacks the transfused blood, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, and more severe manifestations like hemolysis or anaphylaxis. Immediate intervention is required, including stopping the transfusion and notifying the healthcare provider for further evaluation and management. Think of a blood transfusion like introducing a new member into a tightly-knit community. If the community (your body) senses that the new member (transfused blood) doesn’t fit in, alarms go off. In this case, the “alarm” is the elevated body temperature, signaling that something might be wrong and immediate action is needed. During a transfusion reaction, the immune system releases various cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which can cause an increase in body temperature. This is the body’s way of signaling that something is not right. Fever in the context of a blood transfusion should always be treated as a potential transfusion reaction until proven otherwise, and appropriate steps should be taken to manage the situation, including discontinuing the transfusion and initiating supportive therapies as needed. Incorrect answer options: A) A routine reaction to the blood transfusion. An elevation in body temperature is not a routine reaction to a blood transfusion and should be taken seriously. Ignoring this symptom could lead to severe complications. B) An indication of systemic infection (sepsis). While fever is a symptom of sepsis, the timing of the fever in relation to the transfusion makes it more likely to be a transfusion reaction. Sepsis would typically present with additional symptoms and would require a different set of interventions. C) A typical bodily function unrelated to the transfusion. Given that the elevated temperature occurred during the transfusion, it is unlikely to be unrelated. It’s crucial to consider the timing and context of symptoms when evaluating potential complications. 7. Correct answer: B) Osmosis. Osmosis is the term that describes the net movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane. In the context of intravenous fluids, understanding osmosis is crucial because it helps healthcare providers select the appropriate type of fluid that will most effectively restore cellular hydration. For example, a hypotonic solution might be used to encourage water to move into the cells, thereby rehydrating them. Imagine you have two rooms separated by a door that only allows dogs to pass through. If you put 10 dogs in one room and only 2 in the other, some dogs from the crowded room will want to move to the less crowded room through the door, seeking more space and comfort. Similarly, in osmosis, water molecules move through a semipermeable membrane (the “door”) from an area of higher concentration (the “crowded room”) to an area of lower concentration (the “less crowded room”) to achieve balance. Cell membranes are semipermeable, meaning they allow certain substances to pass through while blocking others. Water molecules can freely move through these membranes. In a clinical setting, understanding how osmosis works is essential for managing fluid balance in patients, especially those who have undergone surgery or are critically ill. The type of intravenous fluid chosen can either hydrate the cells, remain in the extracellular fluid, or even draw water out of the cells, depending on its osmolarity compared to the body’s fluids. Incorrect answer options: A) Brownian motion. Brownian motion refers to the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. While it involves movement, it is not the same as the directed movement of water molecules from a higher to a lower concentration. C) Filtration. Filtration is the process by which particles are removed from a fluid by passing it through a filter. In the body, this occurs in places like the kidneys, but it is not the process responsible for the movement of water across cell membranes to restore cellular hydration. D) Diffusion. Diffusion is a broader term that refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. While osmosis is a type of diffusion, the term specifically applies to the movement of water molecules, making it the most accurate answer for this question. 8. Correct answer: D) Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance, particularly through hormones like aldosterone, which is produced by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone acts on the renal tubules to promote the reabsorption of sodium ions back into the bloodstream and the excretion of potassium ions into the urine. This is especially important for patients like Nina, who has chronic kidney disease, as her kidneys may not be as efficient in maintaining this balance, leading to electrolyte imbalances that can have serious consequences. Think of the endocrine system as a traffic cop at a busy intersection, directing cars (ions) to go in certain directions to keep traffic flowing smoothly. When the traffic cop (aldosterone) notices that there are too many sodium “cars” trying to leave the “town” (body), it directs them to turn around and go back into circulation. Meanwhile, it allows potassium “cars” to exit, maintaining a balanced “traffic flow” that keeps the “town” functioning well. The regulation of sodium and potassium is vital for various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. An imbalance in these electrolytes can lead to symptoms ranging from muscle weakness and cramps to life-threatening conditions like cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, the endocrine system’s role in regulating these ions is crucial for overall homeostasis and particularly important in conditions like chronic kidney disease, where the kidneys’ regulatory functions are compromised. Incorrect answer options: A) Reabsorption of chloride and excretion of sodium. The endocrine system, specifically through aldosterone, primarily focuses on sodium and potassium regulation rather than chloride and sodium. B) Reabsorption of potassium and excretion of sodium. This is incorrect because aldosterone actually promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium, not the other way around. C) Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of chloride. While sodium reabsorption is accurate, the primary excretion promoted by aldosterone is that of potassium, not chloride. 9. Correct answer: B) Phosphorus. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells and makes up about two-thirds of the body’s total water content. The primary anion in the ICF is phosphorus. Phosphorus plays a vital role in cellular function, including energy storage and transfer, as it is a key component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is also essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and coenzymes. Understanding the composition of ICF is crucial for healthcare providers, as imbalances can lead to cellular dysfunction and, consequently, to various clinical conditions. Imagine the cell as a factory. Just like a factory needs electricity to power its machinery, a cell needs ATP for energy. Phosphorus is like the electrical wiring in the factory that helps generate and transfer this energy. Without adequate phosphorus, the “factory” would not be able to function efficiently, leading to a breakdown in operations. Phosphorus is not just a bystander in the cell; it actively participates in many cellular processes. It is involved in the formation of bones and teeth, the conversion of food into energy, and the synthesis of proteins for the growth, maintenance, and repair of cells and tissues. An imbalance in intracellular phosphorus can have wide-ranging effects, including muscle weakness, bone pain, and even confusion or changes in mental status. Incorrect answer options: A) Chloride. While chloride is an important anion, it is more predominantly found in extracellular fluid (ECF) rather than in ICF. C) Potassium. Potassium is indeed the primary cation in the ICF, but it is not an anion. The question specifically asks for the predominant anion. D) Sodium. Sodium is the primary cation in extracellular fluid (ECF), not in ICF. Moreover, it is a cation, not an anion. 10. Correct answer: B) Rapid heart rate. Fluid volume deficit (FVD), commonly known as dehydration, is a condition where the body loses more fluids than it takes in. This imbalance can lead to a decrease in intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular fluid in the body. One of the body’s compensatory mechanisms for FVD is to increase the heart rate. The heart pumps faster to maintain adequate cardiac output and perfusion to vital organs, despite the reduced fluid volume in the circulatory system. Think of the circulatory system as a water pump system. If there’s less water (fluid) in the system, the pump (heart) has to work faster to make sure water reaches all parts of the system (body). When fluid volume decreases, the baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus sense the reduced pressure and send signals to the brain. The sympathetic nervous system is then activated, releasing catecholamines like adrenaline, which stimulate the heart to beat faster. This is an attempt to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs. Incorrect answer options: A) Strong, bounding pulse. A strong, bounding pulse is more indicative of fluid volume excess, not deficit. In FVD, the pulse is more likely to be weak and thready due to decreased stroke volume and cardiac output. C) Distended neck veins. Distended neck veins are a sign of fluid volume excess or right-sided heart failure. In FVD, neck veins would likely appear flat due to the reduced blood volume. D) Crackles in the lungs. Crackles in the lungs are often a sign of fluid overload in the lungs, possibly indicating conditions like heart failure or pulmonary edema. In FVD, the lungs are unlikely to have crackles; instead, they would be clear upon auscultation. 11. Correct answer: C) Potassium. Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid within cells and constitutes about two-thirds of the body’s total water content. The major cation (positively charged ion) in the ICF is potassium (K+). Potassium plays a crucial role in cellular functions such as maintaining resting membrane potential, transmitting electrical impulses in nerve cells, and regulating muscle contractions. Imagine the cell as a tiny factory. Just like electricity is essential for running machines in a factory, potassium is essential for the cell’s “machinery” to function properly. Without enough potassium, the cell can’t do its job effectively. Potassium is vital for the function of all living cells and is crucial for maintaining the electrical balance across cell membranes. It is involved in the Na+/K+ pump, which helps maintain the resting membrane potential and is essential for the function of neurons and muscle cells, including the cardiac muscle. Incorrect answer options: A) Phosphorus. Phosphorus is an important anion in the ICF, but it is not the major cation. It is involved in the formation of ATP and nucleic acids. B) Magnesium. Magnesium is present in the ICF but not in as high concentrations as potassium. It plays a role in enzymatic reactions and stabilizes the structure of nucleic acids and ribosomes. D) Sodium. Sodium is the major cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF), not the ICF. The Na+/K+ pump actively transports sodium out of the cell, maintaining a low intracellular concentration. 12. Correct answer: A) Chronic alcohol abuse. Chronic alcohol abuse is a significant risk factor for hypophosphatemia, which is a condition characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. Alcohol affects the metabolism of phosphate in several ways. First, alcohol interferes with the absorption of phosphate from the gastrointestinal tract. Second, it leads to increased excretion of phosphate by the kidneys. Third, the metabolism of alcohol produces acidic byproducts that can lead to acid-base imbalances, further affecting phosphate levels. Imagine your body as a car engine that needs oil (phosphate) to run smoothly. Chronic alcohol abuse is like using poor-quality oil or not putting in enough oil, causing the engine to run inefficiently and eventually break down. Just like how an engine needs oil for various functions, your body needs phosphate for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contractions. Phosphate is essential for various physiological processes, including energy production in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), bone mineralization, and acid-base balance. Chronic alcohol abuse disrupts these processes by affecting the homeostasis of phosphate. The result is muscle weakness, confusion, and other symptoms that Martin is experiencing. Incorrect answer options: B) Paget’s disease of the bone. Paget’s disease of the bone is characterized by excessive bone resorption and formation, leading to structurally disorganized bone. This condition often results in elevated levels of serum phosphate, not decreased levels. The increased bone turnover releases more phosphate into the bloodstream, making hypophosphatemia unlikely in this case. C) Advanced liver cirrhosis. Advanced liver cirrhosis can lead to various electrolyte imbalances, but it is not commonly associated with hypophosphatemia. Liver cirrhosis primarily affects the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates and the synthesis of clotting factors. While it can lead to malnutrition, which may indirectly affect phosphate levels, it is not a direct cause of low serum phosphate. D) End-stage renal failure. End-stage renal failure is more likely to cause hyperphosphatemia, not hypophosphatemia. The kidneys play a crucial role in phosphate homeostasis, and their failure leads to decreased excretion of phosphate. As a result, phosphate accumulates in the body, leading to elevated serum phosphate levels rather than decreased levels. 13. Correct answer: B) Decreased levels of calcium (Hypocalcemia). Hypocalcemia, or low levels of calcium in the blood, can be associated with hyperphosphatemia, or high levels of phosphate. Calcium and phosphate have an inverse relationship in the body; when levels of one are high, the other tends to be low. This is because both minerals are integral to bone metabolism and cellular function, and they often compete for absorption and excretion. When calcium levels are low, the body may retain more phosphate, leading to elevated phosphate levels. Think of calcium and phosphate as two sides of a seesaw. When one side goes down (low calcium levels), the other side goes up (high phosphate levels). Just like how a balanced seesaw is crucial for a fun playground experience, a balanced level of calcium and phosphate is essential for optimal body function. Calcium and phosphate ions are essential for various physiological processes, including bone mineralization, nerve function, and muscle contractions. The parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (active Vitamin D) regulate the levels of these ions. When calcium levels are low, PTH secretion increases, leading to increased phosphate excretion by the kidneys. However, in certain conditions like renal failure or hypoparathyroidism, this regulatory mechanism may be impaired, leading to both hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Incorrect answer options: A) Elevated levels of potassium (Hyperkalemia). Hyperkalemia, or elevated levels of potassium, does not have a direct relationship with phosphate levels. While both are important electrolytes, their regulation and functions in the body are largely independent of each other. Hyperkalemia is more likely to be associated with conditions like renal failure or excessive potassium intake but does not directly cause hyperphosphatemia. C) Raised levels of blood sugar (Hyperglycemia). Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar levels, is not directly related to phosphate levels. While diabetes can lead to various electrolyte imbalances due to effects on kidney function, it does not specifically cause hyperphosphatemia. The primary concern with hyperglycemia is its impact on insulin levels and cellular glucose uptake. D) Reduced levels of sodium (Hyponatremia). Hyponatremia, or low sodium levels, does not have a direct impact on phosphate levels. Sodium is primarily regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone, which do not directly affect phosphate homeostasis. While both sodium and phosphate are important electrolytes, their regulation is largely independent. 14. Correct answer: B) Serum protein levels. Calcium levels in the blood are often influenced by the levels of serum proteins, particularly albumin. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood and serves as a carrier for various substances, including calcium. A significant portion of the calcium in the blood is bound to albumin, while the rest is ionized or free, which is the biologically active form. Therefore, when interpreting calcium levels, it’s crucial to also consider serum protein levels to get an accurate picture of the patient’s calcium status. Imagine calcium as passengers on a bus, and albumin as the bus itself. If there are fewer buses (low albumin levels), then even if the number of passengers (calcium levels) appears normal, you might actually have an imbalance because not all passengers have a bus to ride on. Therefore, you need to know the number of buses to accurately assess if you have the right number of passengers. The relationship between calcium and albumin is essential for various physiological processes, including blood clotting, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. When albumin levels are low, the total calcium levels may appear low as well, even though the ionized calcium levels may be within the normal range. This is why many clinicians adjust the total calcium level based on the albumin level using a formula to get a more accurate measure of the body’s calcium status. Incorrect answer options: A) Blood fats. While blood fats or lipids are important for many physiological processes, they do not have a direct relationship with calcium levels. Lipids are more related to metabolic syndromes, cardiovascular diseases, and other conditions but do not influence calcium levels directly. C) Sodium concentration. Sodium is an essential electrolyte that maintains fluid balance and is crucial for nerve and muscle function. However, sodium levels do not have a direct impact on calcium levels. Both are regulated through different mechanisms and pathways, making it unnecessary to consider sodium concentration when interpreting calcium levels. D) Blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels are critical for diagnosing and managing conditions like diabetes mellitus but do not have a direct relationship with calcium levels. Calcium and glucose are regulated by different hormones and metabolic pathways, so glucose levels are not typically considered in the context of calcium levels. 15. Correct answer: A) The role of Vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract. When you consume calcium-rich foods, the presence of Vitamin D helps to increase the efficiency of calcium absorption in the small intestine. Specifically, Vitamin D enhances the expression of proteins that are involved in the active transport of calcium ions across the intestinal epithelial cells, thereby facilitating its absorption into the bloodstream. Imagine calcium as a VIP guest at an exclusive event, and Vitamin D as the special access pass that allows the guest to enter more easily. Without the access pass (Vitamin D), the VIP guest (calcium) would find it difficult to get into the event (be absorbed into the body), missing out on all the fun activities (physiological processes like bone formation). Vitamin D undergoes two hydroxylation processes in the liver and kidneys to become its active form, calcitriol. Calcitriol then acts on the small intestine to increase the synthesis of calbindin, a calcium-binding protein that aids in the transport of calcium through the intestinal cells and into the bloodstream. This is crucial for maintaining calcium homeostasis, which is vital for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contractions. Incorrect answer options: B) Influence of Vitamin C. While Vitamin C is essential for various bodily functions like immune response and collagen synthesis, it does not play a direct role in calcium absorption. Vitamin C is more involved in the absorption of iron and has no significant impact on how calcium is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. C) Presence of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). Hydrochloric acid in the stomach aids in the digestion of food and the activation of digestive enzymes but does not directly facilitate calcium absorption. Its primary role is to create an acidic environment for the breakdown of proteins and other macromolecules. D) Levels of Blood Glucose. Blood glucose levels have no direct relationship with calcium absorption. Glucose is primarily involved in providing energy for cellular functions and is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon. It does not influence the absorption of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract. 16. Correct answer: B) Gender of the individual. While it may seem that gender could influence total body water percentage, it is not a significant standalone factor. The reason gender appears to influence total body water is more due to the differences in body composition between males and females, such as the amount of muscle mass and fat tissue, rather than gender itself. Therefore, when calculating total body water percentage, the focus should be on factors like muscle mass and fat tissue rather than the gender of the individual. Think of total body water as the amount of fuel in different models of cars. While some might assume that the brand of the car (gender) would determine fuel capacity, it’s actually the specific features like engine size and design (muscle mass, fat tissue) that are the real influencers. So, just like you wouldn’t solely rely on a car’s brand to determine its fuel capacity, you shouldn’t rely solely on gender to determine total body water percentage. Total body water is distributed in various compartments like intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. The distribution and percentage of this water are influenced by the cellular structure, which is determined by factors like muscle mass and fat tissue. Muscle tissues have a higher water content compared to fat tissues. Therefore, individuals with more muscle mass will have a higher total body water percentage, irrespective of their gender. Incorrect answer options: A) The presence of fat tissue. Fat tissue has a lower water content compared to muscle tissue. Therefore, individuals with higher amounts of fat tissue will generally have a lower total body water percentage. This makes the presence of fat tissue a significant influencer in calculating total body water. C) Age of the patient. As people age, the percentage of muscle mass tends to decrease, and fat tissue may increase. This change in body composition can lead to a decrease in total body water percentage, making age a significant factor to consider. D) Amount of muscle mass. Muscle tissue has a high water content. Therefore, individuals with more muscle mass will generally have a higher total body water percentage. This makes the amount of muscle mass a significant factor in calculating total body water. 17. Correct answer: A) High risk for injury due to confusion. Hypocalcemia, or low levels of calcium in the blood, can lead to a variety of symptoms, including muscle spasms, tingling in the extremities, and confusion. The confusion can be particularly concerning because it increases the patient’s risk for injury. For example, the patient may be disoriented and have difficulty navigating their environment, leading to falls or other accidents. Imagine walking through a maze with foggy glasses. The foggy glasses represent the confusion caused by low calcium levels. You’re more likely to bump into walls or trip over obstacles because your vision is impaired. Similarly, Julia’s confusion due to hypocalcemia makes it more challenging for her to navigate her environment safely, increasing her risk for injury. Calcium plays a crucial role in nerve function and signal transmission. When calcium levels are low, it can disrupt the normal functioning of the nervous system, leading to symptoms like confusion. This disruption can impair the patient’s cognitive function, making it difficult for them to make sound judgments and increasing the likelihood of accidents or injuries. Incorrect answer options: B) Elevated risk for injury related to bleeding. While calcium does play a role in the blood clotting process, hypocalcemia is not primarily associated with an elevated risk for bleeding-related injuries. Conditions like hemophilia or anticoagulant therapy are more likely to result in this nursing diagnosis. C) Bowel constipation. Low calcium levels are not directly related to bowel constipation. Hypocalcemia primarily affects neuromuscular function and does not have a significant impact on bowel movements or gastrointestinal motility. D) Ineffective airway clearance. Hypocalcemia can cause muscle spasms and tingling but is not directly associated with respiratory issues that would lead to ineffective airway clearance. Conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more likely to result in this nursing diagnosis. 18. Correct answer: D) Risk of water intoxication. Water intoxication is not a potential complication when administering hypertonic fluids. Hypertonic fluids have a higher concentration of solutes compared to the body’s cells, which means they draw water out of the cells and into the bloodstream. This action is opposite to what would occur in water intoxication, where an excess of water dilutes the electrolytes in the body, leading to cellular swelling and potentially life-threatening complications. Imagine you’re trying to balance the amount of salt in a pot of soupPractice Mode
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Questions
B) Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer
C) Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer
D) Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer
B) Speeding up the respiratory rate.
C) Enhancing urine output.
D) Reducing urine output.
B) Variability in urine production.
C) Elevated central venous pressure (CVP).
D) Reduced levels of serum potassium.
B) Fresh frozen plasma (FFP)
C) Packed red blood cells (PRBC)
D) Dextran
B) Hypotonic solutions are advised in large volumes immediately after surgery.
C) A hypotonic solution offers free water, aiding in renal solute excretion.
D) A hypotonic solution is employed to manage low sodium levels in the blood.
B) An indication of systemic infection (sepsis).
C) A typical bodily function unrelated to the transfusion.
D) A potential sign of a transfusion reaction.
B) Osmosis
C) Filtration
D) Diffusion
B) Reabsorption of potassium and excretion of sodium.
C) Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of chloride.
D) Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium.
B) Phosphorus
C) Potassium
D) Sodium
B) Rapid heart rate.
C) Distended neck veins.
D) Crackles in the lungs.
B) Magnesium
C) Potassium
D) Sodium
B) Paget’s disease of the bone.
C) Advanced liver cirrhosis.
D) End-stage renal failure.
B) Decreased levels of calcium (Hypocalcemia).
C) Raised levels of blood sugar (Hyperglycemia).
D) Reduced levels of sodium (Hyponatremia).
B) Serum protein levels
C) Sodium concentration
D) Blood glucose levels
B) Influence of Vitamin C.
C) Presence of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl).
D) Levels of Blood Glucose.
B) Gender of the individual.
C) Age of the patient.
D) Amount of muscle mass.
B) Elevated risk for injury related to bleeding.
C) Bowel constipation.
D) Ineffective airway clearance.
B) Dehydration at the cellular level.
C) Excess in fluid volume.
D) Risk of water intoxication.
B) Secretion of aldosterone.
C) Emission of calcitonin.
D) Production of renin.
B) Inclusion of potassium.
C) Presence of sodium.
D) Concentration of hydrogen.
B) Utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) to control hydrogen ion levels.
C) Reclaiming bicarbonate ions.
D) Transporting hydrogen ions towards the renal tubules.
B) By altering the rate and depth of breathing.
C) By ramping up mucus production.
D) Through the reabsorption of bicarbonate.
B) Level of Bicarbonate.
C) Concentration of Carbon Dioxide.
D) Measure of pH.
B) Engaging in the chloride shift process.
C) Accompanying sodium to regulate serum osmolarity.
D) Facilitating the disassociation of carbonic acid.
B) Estrogen
C) Renin
D) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
B) Within the kidney.
C) In the stomach.
D) In the bowel.
B) Sodium
C) Hydrogen
D) Bicarbonate
B) Prepare all antibiotic infusions using the prescribed 0.45% NaCl with 5% dextrose.
C) Monitor Jonas for any indicators of hyperkalemia.
D) Secure an infusion controller device from the central supply.
B) Flag Emily as a patient with high risk for hyperkalemia.
C) Withhold the digoxin dosage and assess Emily’s potassium levels.
D) Evaluate Emily for additional symptoms of hypernatremia.
B) Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
C) Albumin
D) Whole blood
B) Analyze urine, specifically looking for the presence of white blood cells.
C) Consider the results of an EEG.
D) Examine the complete blood count, focusing on platelet counts.
B) Consume more green vegetables.
C) Incorporate cheese into her meals.
D) Add tomatoes to her salads.
B) Sodium-potassium exchange mechanism.
C) Electrical neutrality.
D) Osmotic action.
B) Accurately measure and document both fluid intake and output as well as daily weights.
C) Provide salt tablets and oversee hypertonic parenteral fluid administration.
D) Prescribe sedative medications to calm the patient.
B) Providing a cushioning effect for internal organs.
C) Facilitating the transport of essential nutrients.
D) Aiding in fat metabolism processes.
B) The renal glomerulus.
C) The urinary bladder.
D) The renal pelvis.
B) Elevated blood pressure or hypertension.
C) Irregular heartbeats or cardiac arrhythmias.
D) Overactive deep-tendon reflexes.
B) Lowered diuresis rates.
C) Elevated levels of breathing and perspiration.
D) Reduced rates of breathing and perspiration.
B) Vomiting
C) Altered urinary elimination.
D) Increased cardiac output.
B) Progesterone alongside aldosterone.
C) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Aldosterone.
D) Extracellular Fluid (ECF) levels and Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH).
B. Persistent diarrhea episodes.
C. Repeated vomiting incidents.
D. Excessive urinary output or diuresis.
B. Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone.
C. Nephron’s Loop of Henle.
D. Anterior Pituitary Gland.
B. Insulin (Humulin, Novolin, Lantus)
C. Lasix (Furosemide)
D. Synthroid (Levothyroxine)
B. Facilitating blood coagulation within the nephron.
C. Selective constriction of specific arteriolar segments within the nephron.
D. Enabling the catalysis of calcium-rich nutrients within the kidney.
B. Loss of gastrointestinal fluids due to diarrhea.
C. Unperceived water loss during an extended fever.
D. Insufficient intake of both fluids and electrolytes.
B. Potential for increased cardiac output.
C. Ineffective airway clearance.
D. Potential for decreased cardiac output.
B. Glucose molecules
C. Protein molecules
D. Uric acid molecules
B. Colonic mucosa
C. Gastric lining
D. Small intestinal mucosa
B. Intracellular compartment
C. Extracellular compartment
D. Intravascular compartment
B) Calcium and Magnesium
C) Chloride and Potassium
D) Phosphorus and Sodium
B. Kidney failure
C. Chronic constipation
D. Insufficient vitamin D intake.
B. Inaccessible for circulatory function.
C. Excessive solute concentration leading to hypervolemia.
D. Diluted concentration leading to water intoxication.
B) Glucose
C) Hormones
D) Oxygen
B. Enabling the transport of sodium ions.
C. Facilitating the contraction of cardiac muscle.
D. Contributing to the narrowing of blood vessels.
B. Prolonged consumption of water.
C. Administration of nasogastric feedings.
D. Physical immobility due to fractures.
B. A diet completely devoid of salt.
C. A diet that incorporates 2 grams of sodium.
D. A diet that includes 4 grams of sodium.
B. 0.45% Sodium Chloride
C. 3% Sodium Chloride
D. Dextrose 10% in Water (D10%W)Answers and Rationales