NCLEX Practice Exam for Fluids, Electrolytes & Homeostasis 2

The patient is exhibiting behavior that could lead to a sodium and water imbalance and is exhibiting signs of hyponatremia. The nurse would check the electrolytes with attention to the sodium level.

Albumin is a colloid that is used to manipulate fluid shifts among compartments. Whole blood is used to replace blood volume. TPN is used for patients who are unable to take in food or fluid. Ensure is high caloric nutritional supplement; it is not used to manipulate fluid shifts.

Patient experiencing hypokalemia are at risk for digitalis toxicity. Nausea and irregular pulse are signs digitalis toxicity.

exchanging for potassium and attracting chloride. Sodium influences the levels of potassium and chloride by exchanging for potassium and attracting chloride.

Green vegetables are high in magnesium.

Some calcium is bound to protein, so abnormal calcium levels are analyzed in relation to proteins.

Malabsorption syndrome is associated with hypomagnesemia. Increased vitamin D intake and diarrhea are also associated with hypomagnesemia.

Because calcium and phosphorus ratios are inversely proportional, when phosphorus levels are high, calcium levels are low.

Hypotonic solutions provide free water, which helps the kidneys eliminate solute.

The minimum sodium requirement for adults is 2 gm daily. Most adults consume more than this because sodium is abundant in almost all foods.

Electrical neutrality refers to a state in which the same number of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions are present on either side of the membrane. Osmotic activity refers to the attraction of a solute to a solvent. Sodium-potassium pump refers to the exchange of electrolytes.

Hypophosphatemia may occur secondary to alcoholism. Renal failure is usually associated with hyperphosphatemia

In upper gastrointestinal fluid loss, hydrogen and potassium are lost because these electrolytes are present in abundance in the stomach.

Calcium is absorbed in the GI tract under the influence of vitamin D in its biologically active form.

Surgical drains will cause a fluid loss, and electrolytes are eliminated along with the fluid.

When chloride concentrations drop below 95 mEq/L, bicarbonate reabsorption increases proportionally, causing metabolic alkalosis. Other choices are cations, chloride is an anion; a cation must always exchange for a cation in order to maintain electrical neutrality.

Through changes in the rate and depth of respirations, acid-base balance is achieved via CO2 elimination and retention. Mucus production is not part of the pulmonary regulatory system. C and D are responses that refer to ways in which kidneys balance acids and bases.

Phosphorus is the major ICF cation. Potassium and sodium are cations. Chloride is the chief anion found in the ECF.

Weight gain and thirst are symptoms of hypotonic FVE; other symptoms include excretion of dilute urine, non-pitting edema, dysrhythmias, and hyponatremia.

Tachycardia, poor tissue turgor, and hypotension are symptoms of FVD. Other choices are symptoms of FVE.

When calcium levels rise, calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid; this hormone moves calcium from plasma into bone. Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to lowered calcium levels; this hormone moves calcium from bone into plasma.

Magnesium contributes to vasodilation, not vasoconstriction.

Chloride reabsorption depends on sodium reabsorption, which is regulated by aldosterone in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.

Platelets and cryoprecipitate can be infused quickly. PRBC and FFP should be administered over 1 ½ to 4 hours. Dextran is not a blood product.

The intracellular compartment holds large amounts of water and proteins. Potassium, lipids, and nucleic acids are also components of the intracellular compartment.

A solution of 0.9% saline is isotonic. Solutions of 0.33% and 0.45% saline and D5W are hypotonic.

To maintain acid-base balance, chloride shifts into and out of red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate.

As part of the renal regulation of water balance, angiotensin II selectively constricts portions of the arteriole in the nephron.

The extracellular space contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in addition to water, electrolytes, and proteins. Potassium, lipids, and nucleic acids are intracellular components.

Lasix will contribute to fluid loss through its action as a diuretic.

Chloride is absorbed in the bowel, mainly the duodenum and jejunum.

Isotonic FVD may result from inadequate intake of fluids and electrolytes that can occur secondary to an inability to ingest orally. GI fluid loss through diarrhea is an etiology of hypotonic FVD. Insensible water loss during prolonged fever is a cause of hypertonic FVD. Impaired thirst regulation is a cause of hypertonic FVD.

The lungs use carbon dioxide to regulate hydrogen ion concentration.

Decreased serum potassium is a common symptom of metabolic alkalosis.

Approximately 85% to 95% of water absorption takes place in the small intestine. The colon absorbs only 500 to 100 cc.

Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane to a solution with a lower concentration of water. Filtration is the process in which fluids are pushed through biologic membranes by unequal processes. Diffusion (Brownian motion) is the random kinetic motion causing atoms and molecules to spread out evenly.

ACTH stimulates release of aldosterone, which in turn acts on the tubules to reabsorb sodium. When this occurs, the cation potassium is excreted.

A patient’s gender does not influence the percentage of total body water.

In third-spacing, fluid is sequestered and is unavailable to the general circulation.

A patient with hypocalcemia may bleed, since calcium is required for normal blood clotting. A and D are diagnoses appropriate for a patient with hypercalcemia. C is not associated with fluctuating calcium levels.

Potassium is the major ICF cation. Sodium is the major ECF cation. Phosphorus is the major ICF anion. Magnesium is the second-most abundant cation in the ICF.

The endocrine system secretes aldosterone and ADH to help regulate sodium levels. The pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropin hormone to help regulate sodium. A and C are reproductive hormones. ECF is not a hormone.

Excessive fluid can be lost if breathing and perspiration are at an increased rate for a prolonged period.

Water intoxication is a potential complication associated with hypotonic fluid administration. Other choice are potential complication of hypertonic fluid administration.

The patient is exhibiting signs of hypernatremia and dehydration. The most appropriate nursing intervention is to measure and record intake and output and daily weight.

The presence of hydrogen ions determines a solution’s acidity.

The intracellular compartment holds two-thirds of total body water. The extracellular compartment is the interstitial space plus the intravascular space. The extracellular compartment accounts for one-third of total body water.

Potential for decreased cardiac output is a nursing diagnosis associated with hypertonic FVE.

Decreased cardiac output is a nursing diagnosis associated with isotonic FVD. Other appropriate nursing diagnoses include altered tissue perfusion, potential for injury, and ineffective breathing pattern.

Potassium is lost via the GI and renal systems. Prolonged or excessive diarrhea can lead to hypokalemia. In the event of hypokalemia, a potassium additive would likely be prescribed.

The renal tubules are the site of electrolyte reabsorption. The glomerulus is the site of electrolyte filtration. The bladder is where the urine is stored. The renal pelvis is where urine travels as it moves from the collecting ducts to the ureter.

Bicarbonate is lost in diarrhea because the lower intestinal tract contains fluids rich in bicarbonate.

Body fluids facilitate the transport of nutrients, hormones, proteins, and other molecules.

Cardiac arrhythmias are associated with hypermagnesemia. Hypertension, tachycardia, and hyperactive reflexes are signs of hypomagnesemia.

An increase in the body temperature indicates a possible transfusion reaction and requires immediate discontinuation of the infusion.

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis is indicated by ABG values of pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, and HCO3 30. B indicates metabolic alkalosis, partially compensated. C indicates respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated. D indicates respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated.

The gases measured by ABGs are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate and hydrogen are ions; their ratio is measured in the pH.

The Loop of Henle is responsible for magnesium reabsorption.

The interstitial space hold 9 L.

The body attempts to compensate for metabolic alkalosis by decreasing the respiratory rate and conserving carbon dioxide (an acid). Urine volume does not influence acid-base balance.

The lungs use carbon dioxide to regulate hydrogen ion concentration.

Bicarbonate is lost in diarrhea because the lower intestinal tract contains fluids rich in bicarbonate.

The minimum sodium requirement for adults is 2 gm daily. Most adults consume more than this because sodium is abundant in almost all foods.

When chloride concentrations drop below 95 mEq/L, bicarbonate reabsorption increases proportionally, causing metabolic alkalosis. Other choices are cations, chloride is an anion; a cation must always exchange for a cation in order to maintain electrical neutrality.

In third-spacing, fluid is sequestered and is unavailable to the general circulation.

Decreased cardiac output is a nursing diagnosis associated with isotonic FVD. Other appropriate nursing diagnoses include altered tissue perfusion, potential for injury, and ineffective breathing pattern.

In upper gastrointestinal fluid loss, hydrogen and potassium are lost because these electrolytes are present in abundance in the stomach.

The extracellular space contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in addition to water, electrolytes, and proteins. Potassium, lipids, and nucleic acids are intracellular components.

Cardiac arrhythmias are associated with hypermagnesemia. Hypertension, tachycardia, and hyperactive reflexes are signs of hypomagnesemia.

Potential for decreased cardiac output is a nursing diagnosis associated with hypertonic FVE.

Some calcium is bound to protein, so abnormal calcium levels are analyzed in relation to proteins.

As part of the renal regulation of water balance, angiotensin II selectively constricts portions of the arteriole in the nephron.

The gases measured by ABGs are oxygen and carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate and hydrogen are ions; their ratio is measured in the pH.

Hypophosphatemia may occur secondary to alcoholism. Renal failure is usually associated with hyperphosphatemia

Calcium is absorbed in the GI tract under the influence of vitamin D in its biologically active form.

The intracellular compartment holds large amounts of water and proteins. Potassium, lipids, and nucleic acids are also components of the intracellular compartment.

Excessive fluid can be lost if breathing and perspiration are at an increased rate for a prolonged period.

The patient is exhibiting signs of hypernatremia and dehydration. The most appropriate nursing intervention is to measure and record intake and output and daily weight.

Patient experiencing hypokalemia are at risk for digitalis toxicity. Nausea and irregular pulse are signs digitalis toxicity.

Water intoxication is a potential complication associated with hypotonic fluid administration. Other choice are potential complication of hypertonic fluid administration.

Surgical drains will cause a fluid loss, and electrolytes are eliminated along with the fluid.

The interstitial space hold 9 L.

Decreased serum potassium is a common symptom of metabolic alkalosis.

Weight gain and thirst are symptoms of hypotonic FVE; other symptoms include excretion of dilute urine, non-pitting edema, dysrhythmias, and hyponatremia.

Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane to a solution with a lower concentration of water. Filtration is the process in which fluids are pushed through biologic membranes by unequal processes. Diffusion (Brownian motion) is the random kinetic motion causing atoms and molecules to spread out evenly.

Body fluids facilitate the transport of nutrients, hormones, proteins, and other molecules.

A patient’s gender does not influence the percentage of total body water.

Chloride is absorbed in the bowel, mainly the duodenum and jejunum.

An increase in the body temperature indicates a possible transfusion reaction and requires immediate discontinuation of the infusion.

Isotonic FVD may result from inadequate intake of fluids and electrolytes that can occur secondary to an inability to ingest orally. GI fluid loss through diarrhea is an etiology of hypotonic FVD. Insensible water loss during prolonged fever is a cause of hypertonic FVD. Impaired thirst regulation is a cause of hypertonic FVD.

Hypotonic solutions provide free water, which helps the kidneys eliminate solute.

When calcium levels rise, calcitonin is secreted from the thyroid; this hormone moves calcium from plasma into bone. Parathyroid hormone is secreted in response to lowered calcium levels; this hormone moves calcium from bone into plasma.

Magnesium contributes to vasodilation, not vasoconstriction.

The Loop of Henle is responsible for magnesium reabsorption.

Because calcium and phosphorus ratios are inversely proportional, when phosphorus levels are high, calcium levels are low.

ACTH stimulates release of aldosterone, which in turn acts on the tubules to reabsorb sodium. When this occurs, the cation potassium is excreted.

exchanging for potassium and attracting chloride. Sodium influences the levels of potassium and chloride by exchanging for potassium and attracting chloride.

A patient with hypocalcemia may bleed, since calcium is required for normal blood clotting. A and D are diagnoses appropriate for a patient with hypercalcemia. C is not associated with fluctuating calcium levels.

To maintain acid-base balance, chloride shifts into and out of red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate.

The body attempts to compensate for metabolic alkalosis by decreasing the respiratory rate and conserving carbon dioxide (an acid). Urine volume does not influence acid-base balance.

Chloride reabsorption depends on sodium reabsorption, which is regulated by aldosterone in the distal tubule and collecting ducts.

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis is indicated by ABG values of pH 7.48, PaCO2 42, and HCO3 30. B indicates metabolic alkalosis, partially compensated. C indicates respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated. D indicates respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated.

Malabsorption syndrome is associated with hypomagnesemia. Increased vitamin D intake and diarrhea are also associated with hypomagnesemia.

Platelets and cryoprecipitate can be infused quickly. PRBC and FFP should be administered over 1 ½ to 4 hours. Dextran is not a blood product.

The presence of hydrogen ions determines a solution’s acidity.

Phosphorus is the major ICF cation. Potassium and sodium are cations. Chloride is the chief anion found in the ECF.

Green vegetables are high in magnesium.

The renal tubules are the site of electrolyte reabsorption. The glomerulus is the site of electrolyte filtration. The bladder is where the urine is stored. The renal pelvis is where urine travels as it moves from the collecting ducts to the ureter.

Lasix will contribute to fluid loss through its action as a diuretic.

The intracellular compartment holds two-thirds of total body water. The extracellular compartment is the interstitial space plus the intravascular space. The extracellular compartment accounts for one-third of total body water.

The endocrine system secretes aldosterone and ADH to help regulate sodium levels. The pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropin hormone to help regulate sodium. A and C are reproductive hormones. ECF is not a hormone.

Through changes in the rate and depth of respirations, acid-base balance is achieved via CO2 elimination and retention. Mucus production is not part of the pulmonary regulatory system. C and D are responses that refer to ways in which kidneys balance acids and bases.

Approximately 85% to 95% of water absorption takes place in the small intestine. The colon absorbs only 500 to 100 cc.

Potassium is lost via the GI and renal systems. Prolonged or excessive diarrhea can lead to hypokalemia. In the event of hypokalemia, a potassium additive would likely be prescribed.

Potassium is the major ICF cation. Sodium is the major ECF cation. Phosphorus is the major ICF anion. Magnesium is the second-most abundant cation in the ICF.

Electrical neutrality refers to a state in which the same number of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions are present on either side of the membrane. Osmotic activity refers to the attraction of a solute to a solvent. Sodium-potassium pump refers to the exchange of electrolytes.

Tachycardia, poor tissue turgor, and hypotension are symptoms of FVD. Other choices are symptoms of FVE.

The patient is exhibiting behavior that could lead to a sodium and water imbalance and is exhibiting signs of hyponatremia. The nurse would check the electrolytes with attention to the sodium level.

A solution of 0.9% saline is isotonic. Solutions of 0.33% and 0.45% saline and D5W are hypotonic.

Albumin is a colloid that is used to manipulate fluid shifts among compartments. Whole blood is used to replace blood volume. TPN is used for patients who are unable to take in food or fluid. Ensure is high caloric nutritional supplement; it is not used to manipulate fluid shifts.