NCLEX Practice Exam for Psychiatric Nursing 2

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Encouraging her to approach a nurse and discuss her feelings. The most therapeutic intervention for a 16-year-old gymnast expressing the urge to starve is to encourage her to approach a nurse and discuss her feelings. This intervention provides an immediate support system and allows the nurse to assess the patient's emotional state, provide reassurance, and develop appropriate coping strategies. Open communication with a healthcare professional can help address the underlying issues contributing to the urge to starve and facilitate a more supportive and therapeutic environment.

Encouraging discussion with a nurse helps the patient feel heard and validated, which is crucial for building trust and promoting emotional well-being. It also ensures that any potential risks associated with the urge to starve are promptly addressed, and appropriate interventions can be implemented to support the patient's recovery.

Think of the urge to starve as a fire that needs to be controlled. Encouraging the patient to talk to a nurse is like calling the fire department to help extinguish the flames. The nurse can provide the necessary tools and support to manage and control the urge, preventing it from becoming a more significant issue.

Building a therapeutic relationship through active listening, empathy, and support is fundamental in managing eating disorders. Nurses should create a safe and non-judgmental environment where patients feel comfortable expressing their emotions and struggles. Providing education about healthy coping mechanisms and the dangers of starvation is also essential in promoting recovery.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Permitting her to starve as a way to manage anxiety. Allowing the patient to starve is harmful and counterproductive. It reinforces unhealthy behaviors and can exacerbate the patient's physical and mental health issues.

Engaging in short-term exercise until the urge to starve passes. Suggesting exercise as a coping mechanism for the urge to starve is inappropriate, especially for a gymnast who may already be prone to excessive exercise. It does not address the underlying emotional distress and can further complicate the patient's condition.

Suggesting she call her mother to talk about her feelings. While family support is important, it may not provide the immediate professional guidance needed to address the urge to starve. The patient may require more specialized support that a nurse can offer in a clinical setting.

 

References

• Lock, J., & Le Grange, D. (2013). Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa: A Family-Based Approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Eating Disorders: About More Than Food. NIMH.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Refrain from consuming CNS depressants such as alcohol.  It is crucial for patients prescribed Valium (diazepam) to be instructed to refrain from consuming CNS depressants, such as alcohol. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, and combining it with other CNS depressants can significantly enhance the sedative effects. This can lead to severe respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, or even death.

Alcohol and other CNS depressants, such as certain medications for anxiety, sleep, or pain, can interact with diazepam, increasing the risk of dangerous side effects. Patients should be educated about the importance of avoiding these substances and should always consult their healthcare provider before taking any new medications or supplements.

Think of diazepam as a heavy blanket that slows down the body's activities. Adding alcohol is like adding another heavy blanket on top, making it too heavy for the body to function properly, leading to potentially dangerous consequences.

Nurses should ensure that patients understand the potential interactions between diazepam and other CNS depressants. Providing clear, written instructions and discussing any questions or concerns the patient might have can help ensure they use the medication safely. Monitoring for signs of excessive sedation or other adverse effects is also important.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

There are no limitations on activities. This is incorrect because diazepam can cause drowsiness, dizziness, and impair coordination. Patients should be advised to avoid activities that require mental alertness and coordination, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, until they know how the medication affects them.

Reduce your fluid intake. There is no need to reduce fluid intake while taking diazepam. Proper hydration is important for overall health, and there are no specific fluid restrictions associated with this medication.

You can drink any beverage, including coffee. While caffeine is not a CNS depressant, patients should be cautious with caffeine intake as it can counteract the sedative effects of diazepam and potentially lead to increased anxiety or agitation. However, this is not as critical as avoiding alcohol and other CNS depressants.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335.
• Shargel, L., & Yu, A. B. C. (2016). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

"How do you feel about your boyfriend pressuring you into sex?" The most therapeutic response from Nurse Brooks is to ask Anna how she feels about her boyfriend pressuring her into sex. This response is open-ended, non-judgmental, and invites Anna to express her feelings and concerns. It shows empathy and provides an opportunity for Anna to explore her emotions and thoughts in a safe environment. This approach helps Anna feel heard and supported, which is essential for effective therapeutic communication.

By focusing on Anna's feelings, Nurse Brooks can help her gain insight into her own emotions and encourage her to make decisions that are aligned with her values and comfort level. This response also avoids imposing the nurse's own beliefs or advice, which can be counterproductive in building a trusting and supportive relationship.

Imagine a friend telling you they feel pressured to make a big decision. Asking them how they feel about it helps them process their emotions and consider their options, rather than telling them what to do or judging their situation.

Providing a supportive environment where patients can openly discuss their feelings and concerns is fundamental to nursing care. Active listening, empathy, and validating the patient's emotions are key components of therapeutic communication. Encouraging patients to express themselves helps them feel understood and can lead to more effective problem-solving and decision-making.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

"I can connect you with a spiritual counselor if you wish." While offering to connect Anna with a spiritual counselor might be helpful, it does not address her immediate feelings and concerns. It may be seen as redirecting the conversation away from her current emotional state.

"You shouldn't let anyone pressure you into having sex." This response is directive and imposes the nurse's viewpoint on Anna. While well-intentioned, it may come across as judgmental and does not encourage Anna to explore her own feelings and make her own decisions.

"It seems like this issue might be linked to your paralysis." This response assumes a connection between the pressure to have sex and any physical symptoms Anna might be experiencing, which may not be appropriate or relevant. It also shifts the focus away from Anna's current emotional concern.

 

References

• American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Silver Spring, MD: Nursebooks.org.
• Egan, G. (2013). The Skilled Helper: A Problem-Management and Opportunity-Development Approach to Helping (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Varcarolis, E. M., & Halter, M. J. (2017). Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: A Clinical Approach (8th ed.). Saunders.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Narcan (Naloxone). Narcan (Naloxone) is the most appropriate medication for managing a client presenting with signs of opioid overdose, such as needle tracks, a stuporous state, and pinpoint pupils. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that works by rapidly binding to opioid receptors and reversing the effects of opioid drugs, including respiratory depression, sedation, and hypotension. Its primary role is to counteract life-threatening depression of the central nervous system and respiratory system, which are common in opioid overdoses.

Naloxone can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or intranasally, and it acts quickly to restore normal respiration in individuals experiencing an overdose. It is a crucial medication in emergency situations involving opioid toxicity because of its rapid onset of action and effectiveness in reversing opioid effects.

Think of naloxone as a reset button for an overloaded electrical circuit. When the circuit is overloaded (opioid overdose), everything shuts down (respiratory depression). Pressing the reset button (administering naloxone) quickly restores the system to its normal state, preventing further damage (reversing overdose effects).

Nurses administering naloxone must closely monitor the patient’s vital signs and be prepared for the possibility of acute withdrawal symptoms, which can occur when the effects of opioids are rapidly reversed. Ongoing assessment and supportive care are essential, including oxygen therapy, maintaining an open airway, and preparing for repeated doses of naloxone if necessary, as its duration of action is shorter than that of many opioids.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Naltrexone (Revia). Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist used for the long-term management of opioid dependence and to prevent relapse in individuals who have already detoxified. It is not suitable for the immediate reversal of opioid overdose symptoms.

Disulfiram (Antabuse). Disulfiram is used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by causing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). It has no role in the management of opioid overdose or the reversal of opioid effects.

Methadone (Dolophine). Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist used in opioid replacement therapy for individuals addicted to opioids. It helps reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings but is not appropriate for reversing the effects of an opioid overdose.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Life-Saving Science. NIH Publication.
• Kosten, T. R., & George, T. P. (2002). The Neurobiology of Substance Use, Misuse, and Dependence. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10(6), 310-322.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Exploring underlying psychological stressors and conflicts. Linda's sudden paralysis with no physical cause suggests a possible conversion disorder (also known as functional neurological symptom disorder). This disorder involves neurological symptoms (such as paralysis) that cannot be explained by medical conditions but are linked to psychological factors. The most effective management approach is to explore underlying psychological stressors and conflicts, as these are often the root cause of the symptoms. This can be achieved through psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or psychodynamic therapy, which helps the patient understand and address the psychological factors contributing to their physical symptoms.

Conversion disorder typically manifests as physical symptoms resulting from psychological conflict or stress. Patients are not consciously faking their symptoms; rather, the symptoms are a manifestation of underlying psychological distress. Addressing these psychological issues can help alleviate the physical symptoms and improve the patient's overall well-being.

Imagine your mind is like a computer. If there's a software issue (psychological stress), it can cause hardware problems (physical symptoms). Fixing the software problem can resolve the hardware issue. In Linda's case, addressing her psychological stress can help resolve her paralysis.

Nurses should provide a supportive and nonjudgmental environment to encourage the patient to express their feelings and concerns. Collaboration with mental health professionals is essential to provide appropriate psychotherapy and other interventions. Education about the nature of conversion disorder can also help the patient understand the link between their psychological state and physical symptoms.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Prescribing a strict bed rest regimen. Bed rest is not recommended as it can lead to physical deconditioning and does not address the underlying psychological factors causing the symptoms. Encouraging normal activity within the patient's capabilities is generally more beneficial.

Encouraging participation in physical therapy to regain mobility. While physical therapy might be part of the overall treatment plan, it should not be the primary focus. Without addressing the underlying psychological issues, physical therapy alone may not be effective in resolving the symptoms.

Administering high doses of pain medication to relieve symptoms. Pain medication is not appropriate as there is no indication that Linda is experiencing pain, and high doses could lead to dependency or other side effects. Moreover, this approach does not address the root cause of the paralysis.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)*. American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Engage in episodic binge eating followed by purging.  The key distinguishing feature that differentiates bulimia nervosa from anorexia nervosa is the engagement in episodic binge eating followed by purging. Individuals with bulimia nervosa typically consume large quantities of food in a short period (binge eating) and then attempt to eliminate the excess calories through purging behaviors such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, and excessive exercise.

While individuals with anorexia nervosa may severely restrict their food intake and engage in extreme dieting or fasting, bulimia nervosa is characterized by the cycle of binging and purging. This cycle is driven by a sense of loss of control over eating during the binge episodes and an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.

Think of bulimia nervosa like a roller coaster ride where the person goes through extreme ups (binge eating) and downs (purging) repeatedly. In contrast, anorexia nervosa is more like a continuous, steep downhill path of strict dieting and food restriction without the episodic ups and downs.

Nurses should focus on assessing and monitoring the physical and psychological health of patients with bulimia nervosa, particularly looking out for signs of electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal issues, and dental problems resulting from frequent vomiting. Providing education on healthy eating patterns, offering emotional support, and referring to specialized mental health professionals for cognitive-behavioral therapy are crucial components of care.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Make repeated efforts to maintain a stable weight. Both individuals with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa may make efforts to control their weight, but the methods and underlying behaviors differ. This option does not distinctly differentiate between the two disorders.

Exhibit unusual food handling behaviors. Unusual food handling behaviors, such as cutting food into tiny pieces or excessive chewing, can be seen in both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa and are not exclusive to one disorder.

Experience challenges with self-esteem. Challenges with self-esteem are common in both bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa, as both disorders are often associated with body image disturbances and low self-worth. This characteristic does not differentiate between the two.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 361(9355), 407-416.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2021). Bulimia Nervosa. NEDA.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Criticizing the patient for their eating behaviors to motivate change. Criticizing the patient for their eating behaviors is counterproductive and does not contribute to fostering a therapeutic relationship. Such an approach can increase feelings of shame, guilt, and resistance, which are already prevalent in individuals with bulimia nervosa. Instead of motivating positive change, criticism can damage the therapeutic relationship and hinder the patient's recovery process. A therapeutic relationship is built on trust, empathy, and support, which are crucial for effective treatment and recovery.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging. Patients often experience intense feelings of shame and guilt related to their eating behaviors. Criticism can exacerbate these negative emotions, leading to increased secrecy and reluctance to seek help. Therapeutic interventions should focus on understanding the underlying emotional issues and providing nonjudgmental support to encourage positive changes.

Imagine trying to help a friend who is struggling with a difficult task. Criticizing their efforts would likely make them feel worse and less capable. Instead, offering support and understanding helps them feel encouraged and more willing to try again.

Effective nursing interventions for patients with bulimia nervosa include establishing a trusting relationship, promoting open communication, and providing education on healthy coping mechanisms. Nurses should use motivational interviewing techniques to help patients explore their ambivalence about change and enhance their intrinsic motivation. Providing a safe and supportive environment is essential for recovery.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Establishing trust by consistently showing empathy and understanding. This action is fundamental to developing a therapeutic relationship. Showing empathy and understanding helps build trust and makes the patient feel valued and supported.

Encouraging the patient to express their feelings and concerns. Encouraging open communication is crucial for addressing the emotional aspects of bulimia nervosa. It helps the patient feel heard and understood, which is essential for effective therapy.

Providing education about healthy eating habits and coping mechanisms. Education is a key component of treatment for bulimia nervosa. Teaching patients about healthy eating habits and coping mechanisms empowers them to make informed choices and develop healthier behaviors.

 

References

• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)*. American Psychiatric Publishing.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Claustrophobia. The patient's intense fear of riding an elevator, coupled with the statement "It's as if I will die inside," strongly indicates claustrophobia. Claustrophobia is the fear of confined or enclosed spaces. Individuals with claustrophobia often experience significant anxiety and panic when they are in small, enclosed spaces such as elevators, tunnels, or crowded rooms. This fear can severely impact their daily activities and quality of life, as they may go to great lengths to avoid these situations.

Claustrophobia is a specific phobia, which is an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that leads to avoidance behavior. The fear experienced is often disproportionate to the actual danger posed by the situation. Treatment for claustrophobia typically includes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to help individuals gradually face and manage their fear, as well as relaxation techniques and, in some cases, medication to help control symptoms.

Think of claustrophobia like having a panic attack every time you are in a small, locked room. Even though there is no real threat, the mind perceives the situation as extremely dangerous, triggering intense fear and anxiety.

Nurses should provide a supportive and empathetic environment when assessing patients with claustrophobia. They should educate patients about their condition, offer coping strategies such as breathing exercises and progressive muscle relaxation, and refer them to mental health professionals for further treatment. It is essential to validate the patient's feelings and experiences, helping them feel understood and supported.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is the fear of situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable, often leading to avoidance of open or crowded places. While it can involve fear of using elevators, the fear is more generalized to various situations, not specifically confined spaces.

Social phobia. Social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, is the fear of social situations where one might be judged or embarrassed. It involves fear of interaction with others rather than fear of enclosed spaces.

Xenophobia. Xenophobia is the fear or dislike of strangers or foreigners. It is not related to fear of enclosed spaces or specific phobias like claustrophobia.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Antony, M. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2002). Specific Phobias. In M. M. Antony & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of Assessment and Treatment Planning for Psychological Disorders. Guilford Press.
• Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621-632.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Cocaine. The symptoms of hallucinations, agitation, and an irritated nasal septum strongly suggest cocaine use. Cocaine is a powerful stimulant that is often snorted, leading to irritation of the nasal passages. It can cause intense euphoria, increased energy, and heightened alertness, but also agitation, paranoia, and hallucinations, particularly with high doses or prolonged use.

Cocaine works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, leading to an accumulation of these neurotransmitters and resulting in its stimulating effects. The irritation of the nasal septum is a direct result of the substance being snorted, which can cause local inflammation and damage to the mucous membranes.

Think of snorting cocaine like rubbing sandpaper on delicate skin. The abrasive nature of the sandpaper (cocaine) causes irritation and damage to the skin (nasal septum), while also causing an immediate but short-lived sensation (euphoria) that can be followed by discomfort (agitation, hallucinations).

When assessing and managing a patient suspected of cocaine use, it is important to ensure their safety and provide supportive care. This includes monitoring vital signs, managing agitation and hallucinations, and addressing any complications such as cardiovascular issues or potential overdoses. Educating the patient about the risks associated with cocaine use and providing resources for addiction treatment and support is also crucial.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Heroin. Heroin is an opioid that typically causes symptoms such as euphoria, drowsiness, and respiratory depression. It is not commonly associated with hallucinations or agitation and does not typically cause nasal irritation unless snorted, which is less common.

LSD. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogen that can cause hallucinations and agitation, but it is usually ingested orally, not snorted, and does not cause nasal irritation. The onset of effects is also typically longer than one hour after ingestion.

Marijuana. Marijuana is generally associated with relaxation, altered perception, and euphoria. While it can cause hallucinations in high doses, it does not typically cause agitation or nasal irritation, as it is usually smoked or ingested.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Cocaine Research Report. NIH Publication.
• Kosten, T. R., & George, T. P. (2002). The Neurobiology of Substance Use, Misuse, and Dependence. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 10(6), 310-322.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Monitoring the patient for withdrawal symptoms. Monitoring the patient for withdrawal symptoms should be the top priority in the care plan for a patient in a detoxification unit. Withdrawal symptoms can vary in severity and, in some cases, can be life-threatening. For instance, alcohol withdrawal can lead to delirium tremens, which is a medical emergency. Early detection and management of withdrawal symptoms are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent complications. By closely monitoring the patient, Nurse Martin can intervene promptly if any severe symptoms arise, thereby reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality.

Patients undergoing detoxification often experience anxiety, agitation, and other psychological symptoms due to the cessation of the substance. Monitoring withdrawal symptoms includes not only physical signs but also psychological distress. Early intervention can help in managing these symptoms effectively and providing reassurance to the patient, which is vital for their overall well-being.

Think of withdrawal symptoms as warning lights on a car dashboard. Just as you wouldn't ignore a flashing warning light indicating a serious issue, monitoring for withdrawal symptoms allows the healthcare team to address potential problems immediately before they escalate.

Psychiatric nurses are trained to recognize and manage withdrawal symptoms effectively. This includes administering medications as prescribed (e.g., benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal), providing supportive care, and ensuring the patient remains hydrated and comfortable. Nurses also offer emotional support, helping patients cope with the stress and anxiety associated with withdrawal.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Encouraging the patient to attend support group meetings. While support group meetings are beneficial for long-term recovery and providing social support, they are not the immediate priority during the detoxification phase. The patient's physical safety and stabilization must be addressed first before they can fully benefit from group support.

Discussing long-term treatment options with the patient. Long-term treatment planning is essential for sustained recovery but should be addressed once the patient has been stabilized and is no longer experiencing acute withdrawal symptoms. Discussing these options too early might overwhelm the patient when they are still dealing with the immediate effects of withdrawal.

Teaching the patient about the health effects of substance abuse. Education on the health effects of substance abuse is important for preventing relapse and promoting long-term recovery. However, during the initial detoxification phase, the patient's immediate physical health and safety take precedence. This education can be more effectively delivered once the patient is stabilized.

 

References

• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Gorman, L. M., Sultan, D. F., & Luna-Raines, M. (2020). *Psychiatric Nursing: Contemporary Practice*. F.A. Davis Company.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Explore the patient's feelings about elevators and the origin of his fear. The initial nursing intervention for a patient with an intense fear of riding an elevator (a form of specific phobia) should be to explore the patient's feelings and the origin of his fear. This approach is essential because it helps in understanding the underlying causes and triggers of the phobia, which is a crucial first step in developing an effective treatment plan. By exploring his feelings, the nurse can provide a supportive environment where the patient feels heard and understood. This can also help the patient start processing his emotions and thoughts related to the fear.

Specific phobias, such as the fear of elevators, are intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. These fears can lead to significant avoidance behaviors that interfere with daily functioning. Understanding the origin of the phobia is critical for tailoring interventions that can help the patient gradually confront and manage his fear. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques, such as systematic desensitization or exposure therapy, often start with understanding the patient's thoughts and feelings about the phobia.

Imagine trying to fix a leak in a pipe without knowing where the leak is coming from. You need to first understand the source of the problem before you can effectively address it. Similarly, understanding the origin of the patient's fear is the first step in treating it.

Nurses should use therapeutic communication techniques to encourage the patient to express his feelings and thoughts about the fear. This involves active listening, empathy, and open-ended questions. Once the nurse understands the fear's origin, they can collaborate with the patient and other healthcare providers to develop a comprehensive treatment plan, which may include gradual exposure to the feared situation, relaxation techniques, and cognitive restructuring.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Encourage the patient to immediately start using the elevator to overcome his fear. This approach, known as flooding, can be overwhelming and increase the patient's anxiety. It is generally not recommended as an initial intervention because it can cause significant distress and may worsen the phobia.

Recommend that the patient avoid elevators and use stairs instead. Avoidance may provide temporary relief but reinforces the phobia and does not address the underlying issue. It can lead to increased dependence on avoidance behaviors, which can further limit the patient's daily functioning and quality of life.

Suggest the patient watch videos of people riding elevators without fear. While this can be part of a desensitization process, it is not the initial step. Before introducing exposure techniques, it's important to understand the patient's specific fears and thoughts. Watching videos might help later in the treatment process but should follow initial exploration and understanding.

 

References

• Beck, J. S. (2021). *Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Basics and Beyond*. Guilford Publications.
• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The conversion symptom has symbolic meaning to the client. In conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, the physical symptoms, such as paralysis, blindness, or other neurological symptoms, occur without a medical explanation. These symptoms are not intentionally produced and are believed to be a way of unconsciously converting psychological stress or conflict into physical manifestations. The symptoms often have symbolic meaning related to the underlying psychological issues the client is experiencing.

Understanding that the conversion symptom has symbolic meaning can guide Nurse Williams in providing empathetic and non-confrontational care. It is important to approach the client with sensitivity, validate their experience, and explore potential underlying psychological stressors without suggesting that the symptoms are not real or intentionally produced.

Think of conversion disorder like a pressure cooker releasing steam. The steam (physical symptoms) is a way for the cooker (the mind) to relieve pressure (psychological stress) in a controlled manner. The steam is real and noticeable, but its source is the pressure within the cooker.

Nurse Williams should focus on creating a supportive environment, listening to the client's concerns, and avoiding confrontational or dismissive language. Referral to mental health professionals for psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can help the client address the psychological factors contributing to the disorder. Building trust and providing reassurance can also help the client feel understood and supported.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The symptoms are conscious efforts to control anxiety. This is incorrect because conversion disorder symptoms are not produced consciously. The client is not intentionally creating the symptoms to control anxiety; rather, the symptoms arise unconsciously as a way to cope with psychological distress.

The client will experience a high level of anxiety in response to the paralysis. While clients with conversion disorder may have underlying anxiety, they often display a lack of concern (la belle indifférence) about their physical symptoms. This response can be surprising, given the severity of the symptoms, and indicates the psychological nature of the disorder.

A confrontational approach will be beneficial for the client. A confrontational approach is not beneficial and can be harmful. It may increase the client's distress and resistance to treatment. A supportive, empathetic approach is essential to build trust and encourage exploration of underlying psychological issues.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Stone, J., & Sharpe, M. (2008). Functional Neurological Symptoms: Assessment and Management. Journal of Neurology, 255(5), 618-623.
• Wyllie, E., Glazer, J. P., Benbadis, S. R., & Kotagal, P. (2001). Conversion Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Practical Approach. Pediatric Neurology, 24(4), 309-316.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Patients will develop and apply problem-solving skills. The primary goal for addressing the nursing diagnosis of powerlessness related to a lack of control over eating habits in patients with bulimia nervosa is to help them develop and apply problem-solving skills. Empowering patients with problem-solving skills can enhance their sense of control over their behaviors and decisions, which is crucial for managing their eating habits and reducing feelings of powerlessness.

Developing problem-solving skills enables patients to identify triggers for binge eating, devise strategies to cope with these triggers, and make healthier choices. This approach fosters self-efficacy and confidence in their ability to manage their disorder, leading to long-term recovery and improved mental health.

Think of developing problem-solving skills as learning to navigate a maze. Initially, it might seem overwhelming and confusing, but as the person learns to recognize patterns and develop strategies, they gain confidence and control over their ability to find their way through the maze. Similarly, patients with bulimia nervosa can learn to navigate their triggers and behaviors with effective problem-solving techniques.

To support this goal, nurses can provide cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques, teach coping strategies, and encourage patients to practice these skills in real-life scenarios. Regular assessment of progress, positive reinforcement, and continuous support are essential to help patients build and sustain their problem-solving abilities.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Patients will experience a reduction in anxiety symptoms. While reducing anxiety is important and can contribute to overall well-being, it does not directly address the issue of powerlessness over eating habits. Anxiety reduction might be a secondary goal but not the primary focus for this specific diagnosis.

Patients will engage in daily self-care activities. Engaging in self-care activities is beneficial for overall health and well-being, but it does not specifically target the sense of powerlessness related to eating habits. It is more of a general goal rather than one focused on the identified issue.

Patients will articulate methods for setting boundaries with others. Setting boundaries can be an important aspect of therapy for individuals with eating disorders, especially in managing interpersonal relationships. However, it does not directly address the core issue of feeling powerless over eating behaviors, which is better managed through problem-solving skills.

 

References

• Fairburn, C. G. (2008). Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. Guilford Press.
• Lock, J., & Le Grange, D. (2013). Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa: A Family-Based Approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

"This situation sounds very challenging for both you and your mother."  The most therapeutic response acknowledges the daughter's feelings and validates the emotional difficulty of the situation. This approach demonstrates empathy and understanding, which is crucial in building trust and providing emotional support. By recognizing the challenge both the daughter and the mother are facing, the nurse creates a supportive environment that can help the daughter feel heard and understood.

Empathy and validation are key components of therapeutic communication. They help to reduce feelings of isolation and distress, and they can open the door to further conversation and support. This response shows that the nurse is not dismissing the daughter's feelings or providing unsolicited advice but is instead focusing on the emotional impact of the situation.

Imagine someone who is struggling to carry a heavy load. A supportive response would be to acknowledge the difficulty of carrying the load and offering help, rather than telling them to just keep going or giving them advice on how to carry it better. Similarly, validating the daughter's feelings helps her feel supported rather than dismissed.

Providing emotional support and validation to family members dealing with a loved one's cognitive decline is essential. This can involve listening actively, acknowledging their feelings, and offering resources for additional support, such as counseling or support groups. Ensuring that family members understand they are not alone in their struggles can significantly improve their coping mechanisms and overall well-being.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Don't take it personally; your mother isn't intentionally blaming you." While this response aims to reduce the daughter's distress, it can come across as dismissive of her feelings. It doesn't acknowledge the emotional impact the accusations have on her and may feel invalidating.

"Have you tried talking about these accusations directly with your mother?" This response may suggest a solution, but it doesn't address the immediate emotional distress the daughter is experiencing. Discussing the accusations directly with the mother may not be effective or appropriate given her cognitive issues.

"Maybe you could help your mother recall where she last placed her items?" This response offers a practical solution but overlooks the emotional aspect of the daughter's distress. It may inadvertently place more responsibility on the daughter and fail to acknowledge her feelings of frustration and hurt.

 

References

• Stuart, G. W. (2013). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing (10th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
• Varcarolis, E. M., & Halter, M. J. (2017). Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing: A Clinical Approach (8th ed.). Saunders.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

An increased tolerance to alcohol. The symptom of needing to consume more alcohol to achieve the same effects indicates an increased tolerance to alcohol. Tolerance is a physiological process where the body becomes less responsive to a substance over time, requiring larger amounts to achieve the same effect. In the context of alcohol use, this typically means the person’s central nervous system has adapted to the presence of alcohol, resulting in the need for higher quantities to experience the desired effects, such as relaxation or euphoria.

Tolerance develops due to repeated exposure to alcohol, leading to changes in the brain's neurotransmitter systems. This adaptation involves neuroplastic changes, where the brain adjusts to the frequent presence of alcohol and alters its normal functioning. As tolerance increases, the risk of physical dependence and addiction also rises, as the individual may consume more alcohol to overcome the body’s reduced response.

Consider tolerance to alcohol like drinking coffee to stay awake. Initially, one cup of coffee is enough to keep them alert. Over time, as their body gets used to the caffeine, that one cup no longer has the same effect. They need two cups, then three, to achieve the same level of alertness. This increased need for more coffee to stay awake mirrors how tolerance to alcohol develops: the body requires increasingly larger amounts of alcohol to achieve the same effects as before.

When working with patients exhibiting increased tolerance to alcohol, it is essential to assess for other signs of alcohol dependence and withdrawal. Education about the risks of increased alcohol consumption, support for reducing intake, and referrals to appropriate treatment programs are critical components of care. Monitoring for withdrawal symptoms is also crucial, as abrupt cessation after developing tolerance can lead to severe and potentially life-threatening withdrawal effects.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The onset of withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms occur when an individual who has developed dependence on alcohol abruptly reduces or stops their intake. Symptoms can include tremors, anxiety, nausea, and in severe cases, seizures and delirium tremens. This is different from tolerance, which refers to the need for increased amounts of alcohol to achieve the same effect.

Current state of alcohol intoxication. Alcohol intoxication refers to the immediate effects of alcohol consumption, such as impaired coordination, slurred speech, and altered judgment. This state is transient and dependent on the amount of alcohol consumed in a short period, not on the long-term need for increasing amounts to achieve effects.

A psychological dependency on alcohol. Psychological dependency involves craving alcohol and using it to cope with emotional or psychological stress. While it often accompanies tolerance and physical dependence, the specific symptom described (needing more alcohol to achieve the same effect) directly indicates physiological tolerance rather than psychological dependency alone.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2012). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Apraxia. Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform purposeful movements or use objects correctly despite having the physical ability to do so. In this case, the elderly woman's use of a toothbrush to comb her hair is a clear example of apraxia. She knows what the object is but cannot execute the appropriate motor plan to use it correctly. Apraxia often occurs in conditions like Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia, where there is damage to the brain areas responsible for planning and coordinating movements.

Patients with apraxia might feel frustrated or embarrassed due to their inability to perform simple tasks. This can lead to decreased self-esteem and increased dependency on others for daily activities. Understanding the nature of apraxia helps caregivers provide appropriate support and interventions, such as step-by-step instructions or physical assistance, to help the patient manage daily tasks more effectively.

Imagine knowing how to tie your shoes but being unable to make your hands perform the steps in the right order. This is similar to how someone with apraxia feels when trying to use everyday objects.

Nurses should provide a structured environment with clear and simple instructions to help patients with apraxia. Demonstrating tasks and offering hand-over-hand assistance can be beneficial. It is also important to educate family members about apraxia and involve them in the care plan to ensure consistency and support at home.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Aphasia. Aphasia is a language disorder that affects a person's ability to communicate. It typically results from damage to the language centers of the brain, such as in stroke or traumatic brain injury. Aphasia can impair speaking, understanding, reading, or writing, but it does not affect the ability to perform tasks with objects.

Agnosia. Agnosia is a condition where a person is unable to recognize and identify objects, people, or sounds despite having no deficits in the sensory organs. For example, a person with visual agnosia might look at a toothbrush and not recognize it as a toothbrush. In this scenario, the woman recognized the toothbrush but misused it, which points to apraxia rather than agnosia.

Anomia. Anomia is a type of aphasia where an individual has difficulty finding the correct words, particularly names of objects. It is a specific language impairment and does not involve the incorrect use of objects. The inability to name objects would not explain the behavior of using a toothbrush to comb hair.

 

References

• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)*. American Psychiatric Publishing.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The client will be able to overcome his disabling fear.  The desired outcome of implementing a desensitization program for a patient with a severe phobia is that the client will be able to overcome his disabling fear. Desensitization, also known as systematic desensitization, is a behavioral therapy technique used to help individuals gradually reduce and eliminate their phobic responses. It involves exposing the patient to the feared object or situation in a controlled and incremental manner, starting with the least anxiety-provoking exposure and gradually moving to more challenging exposures.

The goal is to help the patient develop coping mechanisms and reduce their anxiety response over time, leading to the eventual ability to face the previously feared situation without experiencing debilitating fear. This process often includes relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or progressive muscle relaxation, to help the patient manage their anxiety during exposure.

Think of desensitization like building tolerance to cold water. Initially, you might start by dipping just your toes into the water. Over time, as you gradually expose more of your body to the cold water, your tolerance builds, and you can eventually swim comfortably without feeling the intense shock of the cold. Similarly, desensitization helps the patient gradually build tolerance to their fear.

Nurses should provide support and encouragement throughout the desensitization process, ensuring that the patient feels safe and understood. It is important to proceed at the patient's pace and celebrate small successes to build confidence and motivation. Collaboration with mental health professionals, such as psychologists or therapists, can enhance the effectiveness of the desensitization program.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The client verbalizes his fears about the situation. While verbalizing fears can be an important step in understanding and addressing the phobia, it is not the primary goal of desensitization. Desensitization focuses on reducing the fear response through gradual exposure.

The client will voluntarily attend group therapy in the social hall. Attending group therapy may be beneficial for overall mental health and social support but is not specific to the goal of overcoming a severe phobia through desensitization.

The client will socialize with others willingly. Socializing with others can be a positive outcome of improved mental health but is not the specific goal of a desensitization program aimed at reducing a specific phobic response.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Wolpe, J. (1990). The Practice of Behavior Therapy (4th ed.). Pergamon Press.
• Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

"Let's have breakfast together and tell me more about your husband."  This response is therapeutic because it validates the patient’s feelings and gently redirects her attention without confronting or distressing her with the reality of her husband’s death. It maintains respect and compassion by engaging her in a conversation about her husband, which can provide comfort and a sense of connection. This approach is aligned with the principles of person-centered care, which emphasizes understanding the individual's experience and promoting their emotional well-being.

Patients with dementia often experience confusion and may hold onto memories of their loved ones as a source of comfort. Confronting them with the truth about their deceased loved ones can cause unnecessary distress and agitation. Instead, redirecting the conversation to a positive memory can reduce anxiety and promote a sense of well-being. This technique is known as validation therapy, which acknowledges the patient's feelings and experiences rather than correcting them.

Imagine if you woke up from a dream where a loved one was still alive. Someone telling you the dream was false might upset you. Instead, talking about the dream and the loved one could bring comfort and ease the transition back to reality.

Nurses should employ strategies that validate the patient’s feelings and gently redirect their attention. Providing a calming presence, engaging in meaningful conversations, and offering emotional support are key interventions. It's important to create a supportive environment where the patient feels understood and cared for.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

"Your husband passed away years ago. He won't be joining you." This response is direct and factual but lacks sensitivity to the patient’s emotional state. It can cause distress and exacerbate confusion and grief, making it an inappropriate approach for someone with dementia.

"You need to remember that your husband is no longer here." Similar to option A, this response is confrontational and fails to acknowledge the patient’s feelings. It can lead to increased agitation and emotional pain, making it counterproductive in managing dementia-related behaviors.

"Why don't you wait a bit longer for him to arrive?" While this response avoids directly confronting the patient with the truth, it reinforces the patient’s delusion and delays addressing her emotional needs. It does not provide a therapeutic engagement or comfort, which are essential in dementia care.

 

References

• Kitwood, T. (1997). *Dementia Reconsidered: The Person Comes First*. Open University Press.
• Feil, N. (2002). *The Validation Breakthrough: Simple Techniques for Communicating with People with Alzheimer’s-Type Dementia*. Health Professions Press.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Revealing personal information to the client. Countertransference occurs when a healthcare provider unconsciously transfers their own feelings, experiences, or attitudes onto a patient. This can affect the professional relationship and the provider’s ability to remain objective. One behavior indicating a countertransference reaction is revealing personal information to the client. This behavior reflects the nurse’s own emotional needs and boundaries being compromised, potentially blurring the professional-client relationship.

When a nurse shares personal information, it can signal that their own unresolved issues or emotions are influencing the therapeutic relationship. This behavior can undermine the therapeutic process, shift the focus from the client to the nurse, and create an imbalance in the professional dynamic. Maintaining professional boundaries is crucial for effective and ethical care.

Imagine a counselor helping a student with school stress, but then the counselor starts talking about their own high school experiences and struggles. This shift in focus from the student to the counselor reflects the counselor’s unresolved issues, similar to how a nurse’s countertransference can affect their interactions with a patient.

To manage countertransference, nurses should engage in self-reflection, seek supervision or consultation, and maintain clear professional boundaries. Recognizing and addressing countertransference helps ensure that the care provided remains patient-centered and therapeutic.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Focusing on the feelings of the client. Focusing on the client's feelings is a fundamental aspect of therapeutic communication and does not indicate countertransference. It helps the client feel understood and supported.

Confronting the client about discrepancies in verbal or non-verbal behavior. Confronting the client about discrepancies can be an important therapeutic technique to help the client gain insight into their behaviors and feelings. It does not indicate countertransference.

The client feels angry towards the nurse who resembles his mother. This describes transference, where the client projects feelings about significant figures in their life onto the nurse. It does not indicate countertransference, which involves the nurse’s reactions towards the client.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2007). Countertransference and the Therapist's Inner Experience: Perils and Possibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Yalom, I. D. (2002). The Gift of Therapy: An Open Letter to a New Generation of Therapists and Their Patients. HarperCollins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Delirium Tremens. The symptoms of increased tremors, irritability, hypertension, and fever in a client undergoing alcohol detoxification are indicative of Delirium Tremens (DTs). Delirium Tremens is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of alcohol withdrawal that usually occurs within 48 to 72 hours after the last drink but can occur up to 10 days later. DTs are characterized by acute confusion, agitation, hallucinations, severe autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., hypertension, tachycardia, fever), and tremors.

DTs require immediate medical intervention because they can lead to complications such as severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and cardiovascular collapse. The management of DTs often involves the use of benzodiazepines to control agitation and prevent seizures, as well as supportive care to stabilize vital signs and ensure proper hydration and nutrition.

Think of Delirium Tremens like a car engine that has been running on poor quality fuel for a long time. When the engine is suddenly switched to a different fuel, it starts to sputter, overheat, and malfunction. Similarly, when the body, accustomed to functioning with alcohol, suddenly stops receiving it, it goes into a state of severe malfunction, resulting in symptoms like tremors, fever, and confusion.

In caring for a client at risk for DTs, nurses should continuously monitor vital signs, observe for signs of escalating withdrawal symptoms, and ensure the client is in a safe environment. Prompt administration of prescribed medications, maintaining hydration, and providing reassurance and orientation to reduce anxiety are critical components of nursing care.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Korsakoff's Syndrome. Korsakoff's Syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) typically associated with prolonged alcohol abuse. Symptoms include amnesia, confabulation, and other cognitive deficits. It is not characterized by acute withdrawal symptoms like tremors and hypertension.

Esophageal Varices. Esophageal Varices are swollen veins in the lower part of the esophagus, often resulting from chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis. They can lead to life-threatening bleeding but are not related to the acute withdrawal symptoms described in the scenario.

Wernicke’s Syndrome. Wernicke’s Syndrome, or Wernicke’s Encephalopathy, is an acute neurological condition characterized by confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, caused by thiamine deficiency. While it can occur in alcoholics, the symptoms described (tremors, irritability, hypertension, fever) are more consistent with DTs.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Mayo Clinic. (2020). Alcohol Withdrawal: Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Fluid volume deficit. The most immediate and life-threatening issue for a 17-year-old gymnast admitted for weight loss and dehydration due to starvation is a fluid volume deficit. Dehydration can lead to severe complications such as electrolyte imbalances, hypovolemic shock, kidney failure, and cardiovascular issues, all of which require urgent medical attention. Rehydration and stabilization of the patient’s fluid balance are critical priorities to prevent life-threatening consequences.

Fluid volume deficit directly impacts the body’s ability to function and maintain homeostasis. Addressing this condition involves administering intravenous fluids, monitoring electrolyte levels, and assessing vital signs to ensure the patient is stable. Once the immediate threat of dehydration is managed, other important nursing diagnoses can be addressed, such as nutrition and psychosocial factors.

Imagine a car running dangerously low on fuel while also having a flat tire and a dirty windshield. The most immediate concern is refueling the car to keep it running; without fuel, addressing the flat tire or cleaning the windshield becomes irrelevant. Similarly, rehydrating a dehydrated patient is crucial before addressing other health issues.

The nurse should initiate fluid resuscitation, monitor the patient’s intake and output, and assess for signs of improvement or worsening condition. Regular evaluation of vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and urine output, is essential to ensure the effectiveness of interventions and to prevent further complications.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Altered self-image. While altered self-image is an important issue, especially in the context of eating disorders, it is not the most immediate life-threatening concern. Addressing the physical health and stability of the patient takes precedence.

Altered nutrition: less than body requirements. Although nutritional rehabilitation is crucial for long-term recovery, immediate rehydration is necessary to stabilize the patient’s condition. Nutritional interventions can follow once the fluid deficit is corrected.

Altered family processes. Altered family processes may contribute to the underlying issues of the patient’s condition, but they are not an immediate life-threatening concern. Family dynamics and support can be addressed as part of a comprehensive treatment plan after stabilizing the patient.

 

References

• Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., & Makic, M. B. F. (2017). Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care (11th ed.). Elsevier.
• Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2019). Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children (11th ed.). Elsevier.
• National Eating Disorders Association. (2021). Understanding Eating Disorders: Treatment and Recovery. NEDA.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Keeping the client in a safe and secure environment. The primary nursing intervention for a client with moderate stage dementia is ensuring that the client is in a safe and secure environment. Safety is the top priority because individuals with moderate dementia are at a higher risk for wandering, falls, and other accidents due to their cognitive impairments. Maintaining a secure environment helps prevent injuries and ensures the client's well-being.

In the moderate stage of dementia, patients often experience confusion, memory loss, and impaired judgment, which can lead to unsafe behaviors. By prioritizing safety, nurses can minimize the risk of harm and provide a stable setting that supports the client's needs. This involves implementing measures such as supervised areas, alarm systems, and creating a structured routine to reduce disorientation and anxiety.

Think of a child learning to walk. To ensure their safety, you would baby-proof the environment by removing sharp objects, securing furniture, and using gates. Similarly, for a client with moderate dementia, creating a safe and secure environment prevents accidents and provides a sense of security.

In addition to maintaining safety, nurses should provide comprehensive care that includes monitoring nutrition and hydration, engaging the client in appropriate activities, and supporting independence in self-care as much as possible. However, safety remains the foundational priority to prevent immediate risks and ensure a secure environment for the client to thrive.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Ensuring the client receives sufficient nutrition and hydration. While nutrition and hydration are important, they are secondary to ensuring safety. A secure environment enables proper monitoring of nutrition and hydration needs.

Encouraging the client to engage in reminiscence to reduce feelings of isolation. Reminiscence can be beneficial for emotional well-being but does not address the primary concern of safety, which is essential for preventing harm.

Supporting the client in independently performing self-care activities. Promoting independence is valuable, but it must be done within a safe and secure environment to prevent accidents and injuries. Safety is the prerequisite for supporting independence.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Alzheimer's Association. (2021). Dementia Safety. Alzheimer's Association.
• Bauer, M., Fetherstonhaugh, D., Tarzia, L., & Beattie, E. (2014). Supporting the relationship between family caregivers and people with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(9), 1495-1507.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

She shows an increase in her weight. An increase in Sarah's weight is the best indicator of progress in her condition. Weight gain is a primary and objective measure of improvement in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, as it directly addresses the physical health risks associated with the disorder. Monitoring weight gain helps ensure that Sarah is receiving adequate nutrition and is moving towards a healthier body mass index (BMI), which is crucial for her overall recovery.

In the context of anorexia nervosa, weight restoration is often the initial and most critical goal of treatment because severe weight loss and malnutrition can lead to life-threatening complications. A consistent and healthy increase in weight indicates that Sarah is adhering to her nutritional plan and that her body is beginning to recover from the effects of prolonged starvation.

Think of Sarah's weight gain as the first sign of a plant starting to grow after being deprived of water. Just as the plant needs water to thrive, Sarah needs proper nutrition to regain her physical health. The plant's growth is a visible sign of recovery, just as weight gain is a visible sign of Sarah's progress.

Regularly monitoring Sarah's weight and providing positive reinforcement for her progress is essential. In addition to tracking weight, it is important to support Sarah emotionally and psychologically as she navigates the challenges of recovery. Interdisciplinary collaboration with dietitians, therapists, and other healthcare professionals is crucial to provide comprehensive care.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

She starts eating her meals in the dining room. While eating meals in the dining room indicates a positive change in behavior and social engagement, it does not directly measure physical recovery or nutritional intake.

She begins to participate in ward activities. Participation in ward activities is a positive sign of increased social interaction and engagement but does not specifically indicate improvements in physical health or nutritional status.

She develops a more realistic self-image. Developing a realistic self-image is an important psychological goal in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, but it is a more subjective measure and does not directly reflect immediate physical health improvements.

 

References

• Lock, J., & Le Grange, D. (2013). Treatment Manual for Anorexia Nervosa: A Family-Based Approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Eating Disorders: About More Than Food. NIMH.

EXPLANATION

 

✔ Correct answer:

Malingering involves intentional production of symptoms for external gain, whereas somatoform disorders involve unconscious production of symptoms. The key difference between malingering and somatoform disorders is the intentionality and purpose behind the symptom production. Malingering is characterized by the intentional production or exaggeration of symptoms for external incentives, such as financial compensation, avoiding work, or obtaining drugs. Individuals who malinger are aware of their deceit and have clear motives for their actions.

In contrast, somatoform disorders, now more commonly referred to as somatic symptom and related disorders, involve symptoms that are produced unconsciously. Patients genuinely believe in their symptoms, which are not intentionally fabricated or exaggerated. These symptoms are often linked to psychological factors, and the patient is not aware that their symptoms have a psychological origin.

Malingering is often associated with external motivators, and individuals may display inconsistent behavior, lack of cooperation, and atypical symptom presentation. On the other hand, somatoform disorders are linked to psychological distress, where patients experience real discomfort and impairment. Understanding this distinction is crucial for developing appropriate treatment plans and interventions.

Think of malingering like someone faking a limp to get a better seat on the bus—they know they’re faking it and why. Somatoform disorders are like someone who genuinely feels pain but the pain has no physical cause—they don’t know it’s their mind creating the symptoms.

Nurses should approach patients with suspected somatoform disorders with empathy and validation, focusing on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. For malingering, it is important to carefully document findings, assess for inconsistencies, and involve a multidisciplinary team to address potential external motivations and provide appropriate care.

 

✘ Incorrect answer options:

Malingering involves physical symptoms, while somatoform disorders involve psychological symptoms only. This is incorrect because both malingering and somatoform disorders can involve physical symptoms. The primary distinction lies in the intentionality and awareness of symptom production, not the type of symptoms.

Malingering patients are aware of their deceit, whereas somatoform patients are not aware of their symptoms. This is partially correct but misleading. Malingering patients are aware of their deceit, but somatoform patients are aware of their symptoms—they just don’t realize these symptoms are influenced by psychological factors.

Malingering can be diagnosed with medical tests, while somatoform disorders cannot. This is incorrect because malingering is typically diagnosed through behavioral observation and context rather than medical tests. Somatoform disorders, while challenging to diagnose, often involve ruling out medical causes through tests but are primarily diagnosed through clinical evaluation.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)*. American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). *Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A gradual, insidious onset. Dementia is characterized by a gradual, insidious onset, which distinguishes it from delirium. Dementia develops slowly over months to years and involves a progressive decline in cognitive function, including memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive abilities. The changes in cognition are persistent and usually irreversible, significantly impacting daily functioning.

In contrast, delirium is characterized by an acute onset and fluctuating course. It develops rapidly, often within hours to days, and is typically caused by an underlying medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, or medication side effects. Delirium presents with disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition, and it often includes clouding of consciousness and perceptual disturbances such as hallucinations or delusions. Unlike dementia, delirium is usually reversible with proper treatment of the underlying cause.

Imagine dementia as a slow and steady erosion of a mountain over many years, representing the gradual decline in cognitive function. In contrast, delirium is like a sudden storm causing rapid and dramatic changes to the landscape, symbolizing the acute and fluctuating nature of delirium.

Understanding the characteristic features of dementia and delirium is crucial for accurate assessment and appropriate intervention. For dementia, interventions focus on supporting cognitive function, managing symptoms, and ensuring safety. For delirium, identifying and treating the underlying cause is paramount, along with providing a calm and supportive environment to reduce confusion and agitation.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Slurred speech. Slurred speech is not a distinguishing feature of dementia. It may occur in both dementia and delirium, depending on the underlying cause and severity.

Clouding of consciousness. Clouding of consciousness is a hallmark of delirium, not dementia. Delirium involves a disturbance in awareness and attention, whereas dementia generally does not affect consciousness until the later stages.

Changes in sensory perception. Changes in sensory perception, such as hallucinations, are more characteristic of delirium. While some dementias can include perceptual disturbances, they are more commonly associated with the acute and fluctuating nature of delirium.

 

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Inouye, S. K., & Charpentier, P. A. (1996). Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA, 275(11), 852-857.
• Alzheimer's Association. (2021). What is Dementia?. Alzheimer's Association.