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NCLEX Practice Exam for Legal , Ethical, Cultural & Nursing Jurisprudence (PM)
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Question 1
A client is hospitalized in the end stage of terminal cancer. His family members are sitting at his bedside. What can the nurse do to best aid the family at this time?
A
Discourage spiritual practices because this will have little connection to the client at this time.
B
Limit the time visitors may stay so they do not become overwhelmed by the situation.
C
Avoid telling family members about the client’s actual condition so they will not lose hope.
D
Find simple and appropriate care activities for the family to perform.
Question 1 Explanation:
It is helpful for the nurse to find simple care activities for the family to perform, such as feeding the client, washing the client’s face, combing hair, and filling out the client’s menu. This helps the family demonstrate their caring for the client and enables the client to feel their closeness and concern. a. Older adults often become particularly lonely at night and may feel more secure if a family member stays at the bedside during the night. The nurse should allow visitors to remain with dying clients at any time if the client wants them. It is up to the family to determine if they are feeling overwhelmed, not the nurse.
Question 2
The most important factor in providing nursing care to clients in a specific ethnic group is:
A
Biological variation
B
Communication
C
Time orientation
D
Environmental control
Question 3
The distribution of nurses to areas of “most need” in the time of a nursing shortage is an example of:
A
Beneficence
B
Utilitarianism theory
C
Deontological theory
D
Justice
Question 3 Explanation:
Justice is defined as the fairness of distribution of resources. However, guidelines for a hierarchy of needs have been established, such as with organ transplantation. Nurses are moved to areas of greatest need when shortages occur on the floors. No floor is left without staff, and another floor that had five staff will give up two to go help the floor that had no staff.
Question 4
Which criterion is needed for someone to give consent to a procedure?
A
Minimum of 21 years or older
B
An appointed guardianship
C
Unemancipated minor
D
An advocate for a child
Question 4 Explanation:
A guardian has been appointed by a court and has full legal rights to choose management of care.
Question 5
In a situation in which there is insufficient staff to implement competent care, a nurse should:
A
Refuse the assignment
B
Accept the assignment but make a protest in writing to the administration.
C
Inform the clients of the situation
D
Organize a strike
Question 6
Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrates: a (an)
A
Illness attributed to natural, impersonal, and biological forces.
B
Combination of naturalistic, religious, ad supernatural modalities.
C
Creation of own interpretation and descriptions of biological and psychological malfunctions.
D
Influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality.
Question 6 Explanation:
Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrate the influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality. Social factors such as poverty and lack of universal medical insurance compromise the health status of the poor and unemployed.
Question 7
In the United States, access to health care usually depends on a client’s ability to pay for health care, either through insurance or by paying cash. The client the nurse is caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This client has been out of work for several months and does not have insurance or enough cash. A discussion about the ethics of this situation would involve predominantly the principle of:
A
Justice, because the first and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources.
B
Respect of autonomy, because this client’s autonomy will be violated if he does not receive the liver transplant.
C
Accountability, because you as the nurse are accountable for the well being of this client.
D
Ethics of care, because the caring thing that a nurse could provide this patient is resources for a liver transplant.
Question 7 Explanation:
Justice refers to fairness. Health care providers agree to strive for justice in health care. The term often is used during discussions about resources. Decisions about who should receive available organs are always difficult.
Question 8
When helping a person through grief work, the nurse knows:
A
Most clients want to be left alone.
B
The sequencing of stages of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may recur.
C
A person’s perception of a loss has little to do with the grieving process.
D
Coping mechanisms that were effective in the past are often disregarded in response to the pain of a loss
Question 8 Explanation:
Grief is manifested in a variety of ways that are unique to an individual and based on personal experiences, cultural expectations, and spiritual beliefs. The sequencing of stages or behaviors of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may reoccur. The amount of time to resolve grief also varies among individuals.
Question 9
Bereavement may be defined as:
A
The inner feeling and outward reactions of the survivor.
B
The outward, social expression of loss.
C
The emotional response to loss.
D
Postponing the awareness of the reality of the loss.
Question 10
Which factor is least significant during assessment when gathering information about cultural practices?
A
Biocultural needs
B
Language, timing
C
Touch, eye contact
D
Pain perception, management expectations
Question 10 Explanation:
Cultural practices do not influence biocultural needs because they are inborn risks that are related to a biological need and not a learned cultural belief or practice.
Question 11
The scope of Nursing Practice, the established educational requirements for nurses, and the distinction between nursing and medical practice is defined by:
A
Statutory law
B
Nurse practice acts
C
Civil law
D
Common law
Question 12
Trying questionable and experimental forms of therapy is a behavior that is characterized of which stage of dying?
A
Bargaining
B
Depression
C
Anger
D
Acceptance
Question 13
When a client is confused, left alone with the side rails down, and the bed in a high position, the client falls and breaks a hip. What law has been broken?
A
Negligence
B
Battery
C
Civil tort
D
Assault
Question 13 Explanation:
Knowing what to do to prevent injury is a part of the standards of care for nurses to follow. Safety guidelines dictate raising the side rails, staying with the client, lowering the bed, and observing the client until the environment is safe. As a nurse, these activities are known as basic safety measures that prevent injuries, and to not perform them is not acting in a safe manner. Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard of care that protects others against unreasonable risk of harm.
Question 14
A client has recently been told he has terminal cancer. As the nurse enters the room, he yells, “My eggs are cold, and I’m tired of having my sleep interrupted by noisy nurses!” The nurse may interpret the client’s behavior as:
A
The result of maturational loss
B
An expression of the anger stage of dying
C
The result of previous losses
D
An expression of disenfranchised grief
Question 14 Explanation:
In the anger stage of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying, the individual resists the loss and may strike out at everyone and everything, in this case, the nurse.
Question 15
Besides the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), which governing agency regulates hospitals to allow continued safe services to be provided, funding to be received from the government and penalties if guidelines are not followed?
A
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
B
American Nurses Association (ANA)
C
Board of Nursing Examiners (BNE)
D
Nurse Practice Act (NPA)
Question 15 Explanation:
If the hospital fails to follow ADA guidelines for meeting special needs, the facility loses funding and status for receiving low-income loans or reimbursement of expenses. ADA protects the civil rights of disabled people. It applies to both the hospital clients and hospital staff. Privacy issues for persons who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been one issue in relationship to getting information when hospital staff have been exposed to unclean sticks. The ADA allows the infected client the right to choose whether or not to disclose that information.
Question 16
A bioethical issue should be described as:
A
After the client gives permission, the physician’s disclosing all information to the family for their support in the management of the client.
B
The physician’s making all decisions of client management without getting input from the client
C
The withholding of food and treatment at the request of the client in a written advance directive given before a client acquired permanent brain damage from an accident.
D
A research project that included treating all the white men and not treating all the black men to compare the outcomes of a specific drug therapy.
Question 16 Explanation:
The ethical issue was the inequality of treatment based strictly upon racial differences. Secondly, the drug was deliberately withheld even after results showed that the drug was working to cure the disease process in the white men for many years. So after many years, the black men were still not treated despite the outcome of the research process that showed the drug to be effective in controlling the disease early in the beginning of the research project. Therefore harm was done. Nonmaleficence, veracity, and justice were not followed.
Question 17
Transcultural nursing implies:
A
Combining all cultural beliefs into a practice that is a nonthreatening approach to minimize cultural barriers for all clients’ equality of care
B
Ignoring all cultural differences to provide the best generalized care to all clients.
C
Using a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups to provide specific individualized care that is culturally appropriate
D
Working in another culture to practice nursing within their limitations
Question 17 Explanation:
Transcultural care means that by understanding and learning about specific cultural practices the nurse can integrate these practices into the plan of care for a specific individual client who has the same beliefs or practices to meet the client’s needs in a holistic manner of care.
Question 18
The client’s right to refuse treatment is an example of:
A
Nurse practice acts
B
Civil laws
C
Common law
D
Statutory law
Question 19
Nurses are bound by a variety of laws. Which description of a type of law is correct?
A
Regulatory law includes prevention of harm for the public and punishment for those laws that are broken.
B
Statutory law is created by elected legislature, such as the state legislature that defines the Nurse Practice Act (NPA).
C
Common law protects the rights of the individual within society for fair and equal treatment.
D
Criminal law creates boards that pass rules and regulations to control society.
Question 19 Explanation:
Statutory law is created by legislature. It creates statues such as the NPA, which defines the role of the nurse and expectations of the performance of one’s duties and explains what is contraindicated as guidelines for breech of those regulations.
Question 20
The best explanation of what Title VI of the Civil Rights Act mandates is the freedom to:
A
Receive free medical benefits as needed within the county of residence
B
Have basic care with a sliding scale payment plan from all health care facilities
C
Pick any physician and insurance company despite one’s income
D
Have equal access to all health care regardless of race and religion
Question 21
A client’s family member says to the nurse, “The doctor said he will provide palliative care. What does that mean?” The nurse’s best response is:
A
“Palliative care means the client and family take a more passive role and the doctor focuses on the physiological needs of the client. The location of death will most likely occur in the hospital setting.”
B
“Palliative care aims to relieve or reduce the symptoms of a disease.”
C
“Palliative care is given to those who have less than 6 months to live.”
D
“The goal of palliative care is to affect a cure of a serious illness or disease.”
Question 21 Explanation:
The goal of palliative care is the prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders without effecting a cure.
Question 22
When signing a form as a witness, your signature shows that the client:
A
Was free to sign without pressure
B
Was awake and fully alert and not medicated with narcotics.
C
Has signed that form and the witness saw it being done
D
Is fully informed and is aware of all consequences.
Question 22 Explanation:
Your signature as a witness only states that the person signing the form was the person who was listed in the procedure.
Question 23
When the nurse described the client as “that nasty old man in 354,” the nurse is exhibiting which ethical dilemma?
A
Gender bias and ageism
B
HIPPA violation
C
Beneficence
D
Code of ethics violation
Question 23 Explanation:
Stereotyping an “old man” as “nasty”is a gender bias and an ageism issue. The nurse is verbalizing a negative descriptor about the client.
Question 24
Cultural awareness is an in-depth self-examination of one’s:
A
Background, recognizing biases and prejudices.
B
Motivation and commitment to caring.
C
Social, cultural, and biophysical factors
D
Engagement in cross-cultural interactions
Question 24 Explanation:
Cultural awareness is an in-depth examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people.
Question 25
Ethical dilemmas often arise over a conflict of opinion. Once the nurse has determined that the dilemma is ethical, a critical first step in negotiating the difference of opinion would be to:
A
List the ethical principles that inform the dilemma so that negotiations agree on the language of the discussion.
B
Gather all relevant information regarding the clinical, social, and spiritual aspects of the dilemma.
C
Consult a professional ethicist to ensure that the steps of the process occur in full.
D
Ensure that the attending physician has written an order for an ethics consultation to support the ethics process.
Question 25 Explanation:
Each step in the processing of an ethical dilemma resembles steps in critical thinking. The nurse begins by gathering information and moves through assessment, identification of the problem, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Question 26
Which statement about an institutional ethics committee is correct?
A
The ethics committee is an additional resource for clients and health care professionals.
B
The ethics committee would be the first option in addressing an ethical dilemma.
C
The ethics committee replaces decision making by the client and health care providers.
D
The ethics committee relieves health care professionals from dealing with ethical issues.
Question 27
The nurse is working with parents of a seriously ill newborn. Surgery has been proposed for the infant, but the chances of success are unclear. In helping the parents resolve this ethical conflict, the nurse knows that the first step is:
A
Collecting all available information about the situation
B
Exploring reasonable courses of action
C
Clarifying values related to the cause of the dilemma.
D
Identifying people who can solve the difficulty.
Question 28
Ethnocentrism is the root of:
A
Meanings by which people make sense of their experiences.
B
Cultural beliefs
C
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
D
Biases and prejudices
Question 29
Which statement is correct?
A
Student nurses cannot be sued for malpractice while in a nursing clinical class.
B
A second trimester abortion can be given without state involvement.
C
Consent for medical treatment can be given by a minor with a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
D
Nurses who get sick and leave during a shift are not abandoning clients if they call their supervisor and leave a message about their emergency illness.
Question 29 Explanation:
Anyone, at any age, can be treated without parental permission for an STD infection. The client is “advised” to contact sexual partners but is not “required” to give names. Permission from parents is not needed, based upon current privacy laws.
Question 30
A student nurse who is employed as a nursing assistant may perform any functions that:
A
Require technical rather than professional skill.
B
Have been learned about in school
C
Are identified in the positions job description
D
Are expected of a nurse at that level
Question 31
The nurse is obligated to follow a physician’s order unless:
A
The order is a verbal order
B
The order is an error, violates hospital policy, or would be detrimental to the client.
C
The order has not been transcribed
D
The physicians order is illegible
Question 32
The code of ethics for nurses is composed and published by:
A
The American Nurses Association
B
The Medical American Association
C
The National Institutes of Health, Nursing division.
D
The national league for Nursing
Question 32 Explanation:
the ANA has established widely accepted codes that professional nurses attempt to follow.
Question 33
To respect a client’s personal space and territoriality, the nurse:
A
Stands 8 feet away from the bed, if possible.
B
Explains nursing care and procedures
C
Avoids the use of touch
D
Keeps the curtains pulled around the clients bed
Question 34
To be effective in meeting various ethnic needs, the nurse should:
A
Avoid asking questions about the client’s cultural background.
B
Act as if he or she is comfortable with the client’s behavior.
C
Treat all clients alike.
D
Be aware of clients’ cultural differences.
Question 35
Cultural competence is the process of:
A
Influencing treatment and care of clients
B
Acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes
C
Learning about vast cultures
D
Motivation and commitment to caring.
Question 35 Explanation:
Cultural competence is the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensure delivery of culturally congruent care.
Question 36
A document that lists the medical treatment a person chooses to refuse if unable to make decisions is the:
A
Durable power of attorney
B
Living will
C
Informed consent
D
Advance directives
Question 37
Successful ethical discussion depends on people who have a clear sense of personal values. When many people share the same values it may be possible to identify a philosophy of utilitarianism, with proposes that:
A
The best way to determine the solution to an ethical dilemma is to refer the case to the attending physician.
B
The value of people is determined solely by leaders in the Unitarian church.
C
The value of something is determined by its usefulness to society.
D
The decision to perform a lover transplant depends on a measure of the moral life that the client has led so far.
Question 37 Explanation:
A utilitarian system of ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.
Question 38
The dominant value orientation in North American society is:
A
Use of rituals symbolizing the supernatural.
B
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
C
Group reliance and interdependence
D
Healing emphasizing naturalistic modalities
Question 39
When action is taken on one’s prejudices:
A
People think/know you are a dumbass for being prejudiced.
B
Delivery of culturally congruent care is ensured.
C
Sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups is obtained.
D
Discrimination occurs
Question 40
Ethical principles for professional nursing practice in a clinical setting are guided by the principles of conduct that are written as the:
A
Good Samaritan laws for civil guidelines
B
Standards of care from experts in the practice field
C
Nurse Practice Act (NPA) written by state legislation
D
American Nurses Association’s (ANA’s) Code of Ethics
Question 40 Explanation:
This set of ethical principles provides the professional guidelines established by the ANA to maintain the highest standards for ideal conduct in practice. As a profession, the ANA wanted to establish rules and then incorporate guidelines for accountability and responsibility of each nurse within the practice setting.
Question 41
The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing theory is
A
Betty Newman
B
Sr. Callista Roy
C
Madeleine Leininger
D
Dorothea Orem
Question 41 Explanation:
Madeleine Leininger developed the theory on transcultural theory based on her observations on the behavior of selected people within a culture.
Question 42
The philosophy sometimes called the code of ethics of care suggests that ethical dilemmas can best be solved by attention to:
A
Code of ethics for nurses.
B
Relationships
C
Clients
D
Ethical principles
Question 42 Explanation:
The ethic of care explores the notion of care as a central activity of human behavior. Those who write about the ethics of care advocate a more female biased theory that is based on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives.
Question 43
In most ethical dilemmas, the solution to the dilemma requires negotiation among members of the health care team. The nurse’s point of view is valuable because:
A
The nurse’s code of ethics recommends that a nurse be present at any ethical discussion about client care.
B
Nurses have a legal license that encourages their presence during ethical discussions.
C
Nurses develop a relationship to the client that is unique among all professional health care providers.
D
The principle of autonomy guides all participants to respect their own self-worth.
Question 43 Explanation:
When ethical dilemmas arise, the nurses point of view unique and critical. The nurse usually interacts with clients over longer time intervals than do other disciples.
Question 44
Which statement about loss is accurate?
A
Loss may be maturational, situational, or both.
B
The more the individual has invested in what is lost, the less the feeling of loss.
C
Loss is only experienced when there is an actual absence of something valued.
D
The degree of stress experienced is unrelated to the type of loss.
Question 45
The dominant values in American society on individual autonomy and self-determination:
A
Do have an effect on health care
B
May be in direct conflict with diverse groups.
C
May hinder ability to get into a hospice program
D
Rarely have an effect on other cultures
Question 45 Explanation:
The dominant value in American society of individual autonomy and self-determination may be in direct conflict with diverse groups. Advance directives, informed consent, and consent for hospice are examples of mandates that my violate client’s values.
Question 46
A health care issue often becomes an ethical dilemma because:
A
A clients legal rights coexist with a health professionals obligation.
B
Decisions must be made quickly, often under stressful conditions.
C
The choices involved do not appear to be clearly right or wrong.
D
Decisions must be made based on value systems.
Question 47
The scope of Nursing practice is legally defined by:
A
Hospital policy and procedure manuals
B
Professional nursing organizations
C
Physicians in the employing institutions
D
State nurses practice acts
Question 48
All of the following are crucial needs of the dying client except:
A
Control of pain
B
Freedom from decision making
C
Preservation of dignity and self-worth
D
Love and belonging
Question 49
Miss Mary, an 88-year old woman, believes that life should not be prolonged when hope is gone. She has decided that she does not want extraordinary measures taken when her life is at its end. Because she feels this way, she has talked with her daughter about her desires, completing a living will and left directions with her physician. This is an example of:
A
Choosing a value
B
Prizing a value
C
Affirming a value
D
Reflecting a value
Question 50
Which of the following is not included in evaluating the degree of heritage consistency in a client?
A
Ethnicity
B
Religion
C
Gender
D
Culture
Question 51
Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. However, cultural pain:
A
Is not expressed verbally or physically
B
Is more intense, thus necessitating more medication.
C
Is expressed only to others of like culture.
D
May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Question 51 Explanation:
Nurses need not assume that pain relief is equally valued across groups. Cultural pain may be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Question 52
When caring for a terminally ill client, it is important for the nurse maintain the client’s dignity. This can be facilitated by:
A
Making decisions for clients so they do not have to make them
B
Placing the client in a private room to provide privacy at all times
C
Decreasing emphasis on attending to the clients’ appearance because it only increases their fatigue
D
Spending time to let clients share their life experiences
Question 52 Explanation:
Spending time to let clients share their life experiences enables the nurse to know clients better. Knowing clients then facilitates choice of therapies that promote client decision making and autonomy, thus promoting a client’s self-esteem and dignity.
Question 53
Which statement would best explain the role of the nurse when planning care for a culturally diverse population? The nurse will plan care to:
A
Blend the values of the nurse that are for the good of the client and minimize the client’s individual values and beliefs during care
B
Provide care while aware of one’s own bias, focusing on the client’s individual needs rather than the staff’s practices
C
Include care that is culturally congruent with the staff from predetermined criteria
D
Focus only on the needs of the client, ignoring the nurse’s beliefs and practices
Question 53 Explanation:
Without understanding one’s own beliefs and values, a bias or preconceived belief by the nurse could create an unexpected conflict or an area of neglect in the plan of care for a client (who might be expecting something totally different from the care). During assessment values, beliefs, practices should be identified by the nurse and used as a guide to identify the choices by the nurse to meet specific needs/outcomes of that client. Therefore identification of values, beliefs, and practices allows for planning meaningful and beneficial care specific for this client.
Question 54
A confused client who fell out of bed because side rails were not used is an example of which type of liability?
A
Negligence
B
Battery
C
Felony
D
Assault
Question 55
Most litigation in the hospital comes from the:
A
Nurse following an order that is incomplete or incorrect
B
Nurse documenting blame on the physician when a mistake is made
C
Nurse abandoning the clients when going to lunch
D
Supervisor watching a new employee check his or her skills level
Question 55 Explanation:
The nurse is responsible for clarifying all orders that are illegible, unreasonable, unsafe, or incorrect. The failure of the nurse to question the physician about an order creates an area of liability on the nurse’s part because this is perceived as a medical action and not the role of the nurse to write orders. Some RNs do have prescriptive privileges based upon advanced degrees and certification. Therefore the nurse who cannot correct the order must document that the physician was called and clarification or a new order was given to correct the unclear or illegible one that was currently on the chart. Phone calls, follow-up, and lack of follow-up by the physician should also be documented if there is a problem with getting the information in a timely manner. The nurse must show the sequence of events of a situation in a clear manner if there is any conflict or question about any orders or procedures that were not appropriate. Assessments and documentation of the client’s status should also be included if there is a potential risk for harm present. Contact of the staff’s chain of command should also be specifically stated for the proof of the responsibilities being followed according to hospital policy.
Question 56
Even though the nurse may obtain the clients signature on a form, obtaining informed consent is the responsibility of the:
A
Student nurse
B
Client
C
Physician
D
Supervising nurse.
Question 57
The nurse practice acts are an example of:
A
Criminal law
B
Civil law
C
Statutory law
D
Common law
Question 58
Which activity would not be expected by the nurse to meet the cultural needs of the client?
A
Promote and support attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and skills to respectfully meet client’s cultural needs despite the nurse’s own beliefs and practices
B
Expect the family to keep an interpreter present at all times to assist in meeting the communication needs all day and night while hospitalized
C
Develop structure and process for meeting cultural needs on a regular basis and means to avoid overlooking these needs with clients
D
Ensure that the interpreter understands not only the language of the client but feelings and attitudes behind cultural practices to make sure an ethical balance can be achieved
Question 58 Explanation:
It is not the family’s responsibility to assist in the communication process. Many families will leave someone to help at times, but it is the hospital’s legal obligation to find an interpreter for continued understanding by the client to make sure the client is fully informed and comprehends in his or her primary language.
Question 59
What are the stages of dying according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
A
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
B
Anticipatory grief, perceived loss, actual loss, and renewal.
C
Accepting the reality of loss, working through the pain of grief, adjusting to the environment without the deceased, and emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life.
D
Numbing; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; and reorganization.
Question 60
The nurse puts a restraint jacket on a client without the client’s permission and without the physicians order. The nurse may be guilty of:
A
Assault
B
Battery
C
Invasion of privacy
D
Neglect
Question 61
What should the nurse do when planning nursing care for a client with a different cultural background? The nurse should:
A
Speak slowly and show pictures to make sure the client always understands
B
Explain how the client must adapt to hospital routines to be effectively cared for while in the hospital
C
Identify how these cultural variables affect the health problem
D
Allow the family to provide care during the hospital stay so no rituals or customs are broken
Question 61 Explanation:
Without assessment and identification of the cultural needs, the nurse cannot begin to understand how these might influence the health problem or health care management.
Question 62
The nurse places an aquathermia pad on a client with a muscle sprain. The nurse informs the client the pad should be removed in 30 minutes. Why will the nurse return in 30 minutes to remove the pad?
A
Reflex vasodilation occurs.
B
Systemic response occurs.
C
Local response occurs.
D
Reflex vasoconstriction occurs.
Question 62 Explanation:
If heat is applied for 1 hour or more, blood flow is reduced by reflex vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of the desired effect of heat application
Question 63
A client who had a “Do Not Resuscitate” order passed away. After verifying there is no pulse or respirations, the nurse should next:
A
Call the transplant team to retrieve vital organs.
B
Remove all tubes and equipment (unless organ donation is to take place), clean the body, and position appropriately.
C
Have family members say goodbye to the deceased.
D
Call the funeral director to come and get the body.
Question 63 Explanation:
The body of the deceased should be prepared before the family comes in to view and say their goodbyes. This includes removing all equipment, tubes, supplies, and dirty linens according to protocol, bathing the client, applying clean sheets, and removing trash from the room.
Question 64
When providing care to clients with varied cultural backgrounds, it is imperative for the nurse to recognize that:
A
Similar reactions to stress will occur when individuals have the same cultural background.
B
Cultural considerations must be put aside if basic needs are in jeopardy.
C
Current health standards should determine the acceptability of cultural practices.
D
Generalizations about the behavior of a particular group may be inaccurate.
Question 65
Nurses agree to be advocates for their patients. Practice of advocacy calls for the nurse to:
A
Document all clinical changes in the medical record in a timely manner.
B
Seek out the nursing supervisor in conflicting situations
C
Assess the client’s point of view and prepare to articulate this point of view.
D
Work to understand the law as it applies to the client’s clinical condition.
Question 65 Explanation:
Nurses strengthen their ability to advocate for a client when nurses are able to identify personal values and then accurately identify the values of the client and articulate the client’s point of view.
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NCLEX Practice Exam for Legal , Ethical, Cultural & Nursing Jurisprudence (EM)
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Question 1
In a situation in which there is insufficient staff to implement competent care, a nurse should:
A
Organize a strike
B
Refuse the assignment
C
Inform the clients of the situation
D
Accept the assignment but make a protest in writing to the administration.
Question 2
Ethical dilemmas often arise over a conflict of opinion. Once the nurse has determined that the dilemma is ethical, a critical first step in negotiating the difference of opinion would be to:
A
Gather all relevant information regarding the clinical, social, and spiritual aspects of the dilemma.
B
Consult a professional ethicist to ensure that the steps of the process occur in full.
C
List the ethical principles that inform the dilemma so that negotiations agree on the language of the discussion.
D
Ensure that the attending physician has written an order for an ethics consultation to support the ethics process.
Question 2 Explanation:
Each step in the processing of an ethical dilemma resembles steps in critical thinking. The nurse begins by gathering information and moves through assessment, identification of the problem, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
Question 3
Nurses are bound by a variety of laws. Which description of a type of law is correct?
A
Statutory law is created by elected legislature, such as the state legislature that defines the Nurse Practice Act (NPA).
B
Common law protects the rights of the individual within society for fair and equal treatment.
C
Criminal law creates boards that pass rules and regulations to control society.
D
Regulatory law includes prevention of harm for the public and punishment for those laws that are broken.
Question 3 Explanation:
Statutory law is created by legislature. It creates statues such as the NPA, which defines the role of the nurse and expectations of the performance of one’s duties and explains what is contraindicated as guidelines for breech of those regulations.
Question 4
The dominant values in American society on individual autonomy and self-determination:
A
May hinder ability to get into a hospice program
B
Do have an effect on health care
C
Rarely have an effect on other cultures
D
May be in direct conflict with diverse groups.
Question 4 Explanation:
The dominant value in American society of individual autonomy and self-determination may be in direct conflict with diverse groups. Advance directives, informed consent, and consent for hospice are examples of mandates that my violate client’s values.
Question 5
A document that lists the medical treatment a person chooses to refuse if unable to make decisions is the:
A
Living will
B
Informed consent
C
Advance directives
D
Durable power of attorney
Question 6
Which activity would not be expected by the nurse to meet the cultural needs of the client?
A
Develop structure and process for meeting cultural needs on a regular basis and means to avoid overlooking these needs with clients
B
Promote and support attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and skills to respectfully meet client’s cultural needs despite the nurse’s own beliefs and practices
C
Expect the family to keep an interpreter present at all times to assist in meeting the communication needs all day and night while hospitalized
D
Ensure that the interpreter understands not only the language of the client but feelings and attitudes behind cultural practices to make sure an ethical balance can be achieved
Question 6 Explanation:
It is not the family’s responsibility to assist in the communication process. Many families will leave someone to help at times, but it is the hospital’s legal obligation to find an interpreter for continued understanding by the client to make sure the client is fully informed and comprehends in his or her primary language.
Question 7
To respect a client’s personal space and territoriality, the nurse:
A
Keeps the curtains pulled around the clients bed
B
Explains nursing care and procedures
C
Avoids the use of touch
D
Stands 8 feet away from the bed, if possible.
Question 8
What are the stages of dying according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
A
Accepting the reality of loss, working through the pain of grief, adjusting to the environment without the deceased, and emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life.
B
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
C
Anticipatory grief, perceived loss, actual loss, and renewal.
D
Numbing; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; and reorganization.
Question 9
When the nurse described the client as “that nasty old man in 354,” the nurse is exhibiting which ethical dilemma?
A
Beneficence
B
Gender bias and ageism
C
HIPPA violation
D
Code of ethics violation
Question 9 Explanation:
Stereotyping an “old man” as “nasty”is a gender bias and an ageism issue. The nurse is verbalizing a negative descriptor about the client.
Question 10
A client has recently been told he has terminal cancer. As the nurse enters the room, he yells, “My eggs are cold, and I’m tired of having my sleep interrupted by noisy nurses!” The nurse may interpret the client’s behavior as:
A
An expression of the anger stage of dying
B
The result of previous losses
C
An expression of disenfranchised grief
D
The result of maturational loss
Question 10 Explanation:
In the anger stage of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying, the individual resists the loss and may strike out at everyone and everything, in this case, the nurse.
Question 11
Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. However, cultural pain:
A
Is not expressed verbally or physically
B
Is expressed only to others of like culture.
C
Is more intense, thus necessitating more medication.
D
May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Question 11 Explanation:
Nurses need not assume that pain relief is equally valued across groups. Cultural pain may be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Question 12
When caring for a terminally ill client, it is important for the nurse maintain the client’s dignity. This can be facilitated by:
A
Decreasing emphasis on attending to the clients’ appearance because it only increases their fatigue
B
Placing the client in a private room to provide privacy at all times
C
Making decisions for clients so they do not have to make them
D
Spending time to let clients share their life experiences
Question 12 Explanation:
Spending time to let clients share their life experiences enables the nurse to know clients better. Knowing clients then facilitates choice of therapies that promote client decision making and autonomy, thus promoting a client’s self-esteem and dignity.
Question 13
The scope of Nursing Practice, the established educational requirements for nurses, and the distinction between nursing and medical practice is defined by:
A
Civil law
B
Statutory law
C
Common law
D
Nurse practice acts
Question 14
A student nurse who is employed as a nursing assistant may perform any functions that:
A
Are identified in the positions job description
B
Require technical rather than professional skill.
C
Are expected of a nurse at that level
D
Have been learned about in school
Question 15
Which criterion is needed for someone to give consent to a procedure?
A
An advocate for a child
B
Minimum of 21 years or older
C
An appointed guardianship
D
Unemancipated minor
Question 15 Explanation:
A guardian has been appointed by a court and has full legal rights to choose management of care.
Question 16
Most litigation in the hospital comes from the:
A
Nurse abandoning the clients when going to lunch
B
Nurse following an order that is incomplete or incorrect
C
Supervisor watching a new employee check his or her skills level
D
Nurse documenting blame on the physician when a mistake is made
Question 16 Explanation:
The nurse is responsible for clarifying all orders that are illegible, unreasonable, unsafe, or incorrect. The failure of the nurse to question the physician about an order creates an area of liability on the nurse’s part because this is perceived as a medical action and not the role of the nurse to write orders. Some RNs do have prescriptive privileges based upon advanced degrees and certification. Therefore the nurse who cannot correct the order must document that the physician was called and clarification or a new order was given to correct the unclear or illegible one that was currently on the chart. Phone calls, follow-up, and lack of follow-up by the physician should also be documented if there is a problem with getting the information in a timely manner. The nurse must show the sequence of events of a situation in a clear manner if there is any conflict or question about any orders or procedures that were not appropriate. Assessments and documentation of the client’s status should also be included if there is a potential risk for harm present. Contact of the staff’s chain of command should also be specifically stated for the proof of the responsibilities being followed according to hospital policy.
Question 17
Even though the nurse may obtain the clients signature on a form, obtaining informed consent is the responsibility of the:
A
Physician
B
Client
C
Supervising nurse.
D
Student nurse
Question 18
When action is taken on one’s prejudices:
A
People think/know you are a dumbass for being prejudiced.
B
Delivery of culturally congruent care is ensured.
C
Sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups is obtained.
D
Discrimination occurs
Question 19
The dominant value orientation in North American society is:
A
Group reliance and interdependence
B
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
C
Use of rituals symbolizing the supernatural.
D
Healing emphasizing naturalistic modalities
Question 20
A confused client who fell out of bed because side rails were not used is an example of which type of liability?
A
Assault
B
Battery
C
Felony
D
Negligence
Question 21
The nurse is working with parents of a seriously ill newborn. Surgery has been proposed for the infant, but the chances of success are unclear. In helping the parents resolve this ethical conflict, the nurse knows that the first step is:
A
Clarifying values related to the cause of the dilemma.
B
Exploring reasonable courses of action
C
Collecting all available information about the situation
D
Identifying people who can solve the difficulty.
Question 22
A health care issue often becomes an ethical dilemma because:
A
Decisions must be made quickly, often under stressful conditions.
B
Decisions must be made based on value systems.
C
A clients legal rights coexist with a health professionals obligation.
D
The choices involved do not appear to be clearly right or wrong.
Question 23
To be effective in meeting various ethnic needs, the nurse should:
A
Avoid asking questions about the client’s cultural background.
B
Act as if he or she is comfortable with the client’s behavior.
C
Be aware of clients’ cultural differences.
D
Treat all clients alike.
Question 24
When providing care to clients with varied cultural backgrounds, it is imperative for the nurse to recognize that:
A
Current health standards should determine the acceptability of cultural practices.
B
Similar reactions to stress will occur when individuals have the same cultural background.
C
Cultural considerations must be put aside if basic needs are in jeopardy.
D
Generalizations about the behavior of a particular group may be inaccurate.
Question 25
When signing a form as a witness, your signature shows that the client:
A
Was free to sign without pressure
B
Has signed that form and the witness saw it being done
C
Is fully informed and is aware of all consequences.
D
Was awake and fully alert and not medicated with narcotics.
Question 25 Explanation:
Your signature as a witness only states that the person signing the form was the person who was listed in the procedure.
Question 26
The nurse practice acts are an example of:
A
Criminal law
B
Statutory law
C
Civil law
D
Common law
Question 27
The most important factor in providing nursing care to clients in a specific ethnic group is:
A
Environmental control
B
Biological variation
C
Time orientation
D
Communication
Question 28
When helping a person through grief work, the nurse knows:
A
The sequencing of stages of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may recur.
B
A person’s perception of a loss has little to do with the grieving process.
C
Most clients want to be left alone.
D
Coping mechanisms that were effective in the past are often disregarded in response to the pain of a loss
Question 28 Explanation:
Grief is manifested in a variety of ways that are unique to an individual and based on personal experiences, cultural expectations, and spiritual beliefs. The sequencing of stages or behaviors of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may reoccur. The amount of time to resolve grief also varies among individuals.
Question 29
Cultural awareness is an in-depth self-examination of one’s:
A
Motivation and commitment to caring.
B
Engagement in cross-cultural interactions
C
Background, recognizing biases and prejudices.
D
Social, cultural, and biophysical factors
Question 29 Explanation:
Cultural awareness is an in-depth examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people.
Question 30
Which statement about an institutional ethics committee is correct?
A
The ethics committee would be the first option in addressing an ethical dilemma.
B
The ethics committee relieves health care professionals from dealing with ethical issues.
C
The ethics committee replaces decision making by the client and health care providers.
D
The ethics committee is an additional resource for clients and health care professionals.
Question 31
What should the nurse do when planning nursing care for a client with a different cultural background? The nurse should:
A
Explain how the client must adapt to hospital routines to be effectively cared for while in the hospital
B
Identify how these cultural variables affect the health problem
C
Speak slowly and show pictures to make sure the client always understands
D
Allow the family to provide care during the hospital stay so no rituals or customs are broken
Question 31 Explanation:
Without assessment and identification of the cultural needs, the nurse cannot begin to understand how these might influence the health problem or health care management.
Question 32
The nurse is obligated to follow a physician’s order unless:
A
The order is an error, violates hospital policy, or would be detrimental to the client.
B
The order is a verbal order
C
The order has not been transcribed
D
The physicians order is illegible
Question 33
Besides the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), which governing agency regulates hospitals to allow continued safe services to be provided, funding to be received from the government and penalties if guidelines are not followed?
A
Nurse Practice Act (NPA)
B
American Nurses Association (ANA)
C
Board of Nursing Examiners (BNE)
D
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
Question 33 Explanation:
If the hospital fails to follow ADA guidelines for meeting special needs, the facility loses funding and status for receiving low-income loans or reimbursement of expenses. ADA protects the civil rights of disabled people. It applies to both the hospital clients and hospital staff. Privacy issues for persons who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been one issue in relationship to getting information when hospital staff have been exposed to unclean sticks. The ADA allows the infected client the right to choose whether or not to disclose that information.
Question 34
A client who had a “Do Not Resuscitate” order passed away. After verifying there is no pulse or respirations, the nurse should next:
A
Call the transplant team to retrieve vital organs.
B
Have family members say goodbye to the deceased.
C
Remove all tubes and equipment (unless organ donation is to take place), clean the body, and position appropriately.
D
Call the funeral director to come and get the body.
Question 34 Explanation:
The body of the deceased should be prepared before the family comes in to view and say their goodbyes. This includes removing all equipment, tubes, supplies, and dirty linens according to protocol, bathing the client, applying clean sheets, and removing trash from the room.
Question 35
The client’s right to refuse treatment is an example of:
A
Common law
B
Statutory law
C
Civil laws
D
Nurse practice acts
Question 36
Which factor is least significant during assessment when gathering information about cultural practices?
A
Language, timing
B
Pain perception, management expectations
C
Touch, eye contact
D
Biocultural needs
Question 36 Explanation:
Cultural practices do not influence biocultural needs because they are inborn risks that are related to a biological need and not a learned cultural belief or practice.
Question 37
The scope of Nursing practice is legally defined by:
A
Professional nursing organizations
B
State nurses practice acts
C
Hospital policy and procedure manuals
D
Physicians in the employing institutions
Question 38
The best explanation of what Title VI of the Civil Rights Act mandates is the freedom to:
A
Pick any physician and insurance company despite one’s income
B
Have basic care with a sliding scale payment plan from all health care facilities
C
Have equal access to all health care regardless of race and religion
D
Receive free medical benefits as needed within the county of residence
Question 39
Which of the following is not included in evaluating the degree of heritage consistency in a client?
A
Culture
B
Gender
C
Ethnicity
D
Religion
Question 40
Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrates: a (an)
A
Illness attributed to natural, impersonal, and biological forces.
B
Influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality.
C
Combination of naturalistic, religious, ad supernatural modalities.
D
Creation of own interpretation and descriptions of biological and psychological malfunctions.
Question 40 Explanation:
Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrate the influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality. Social factors such as poverty and lack of universal medical insurance compromise the health status of the poor and unemployed.
Question 41
Trying questionable and experimental forms of therapy is a behavior that is characterized of which stage of dying?
A
Bargaining
B
Anger
C
Depression
D
Acceptance
Question 42
When a client is confused, left alone with the side rails down, and the bed in a high position, the client falls and breaks a hip. What law has been broken?
A
Battery
B
Negligence
C
Assault
D
Civil tort
Question 42 Explanation:
Knowing what to do to prevent injury is a part of the standards of care for nurses to follow. Safety guidelines dictate raising the side rails, staying with the client, lowering the bed, and observing the client until the environment is safe. As a nurse, these activities are known as basic safety measures that prevent injuries, and to not perform them is not acting in a safe manner. Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard of care that protects others against unreasonable risk of harm.
Question 43
Which statement would best explain the role of the nurse when planning care for a culturally diverse population? The nurse will plan care to:
A
Include care that is culturally congruent with the staff from predetermined criteria
B
Focus only on the needs of the client, ignoring the nurse’s beliefs and practices
C
Provide care while aware of one’s own bias, focusing on the client’s individual needs rather than the staff’s practices
D
Blend the values of the nurse that are for the good of the client and minimize the client’s individual values and beliefs during care
Question 43 Explanation:
Without understanding one’s own beliefs and values, a bias or preconceived belief by the nurse could create an unexpected conflict or an area of neglect in the plan of care for a client (who might be expecting something totally different from the care). During assessment values, beliefs, practices should be identified by the nurse and used as a guide to identify the choices by the nurse to meet specific needs/outcomes of that client. Therefore identification of values, beliefs, and practices allows for planning meaningful and beneficial care specific for this client.
Question 44
Successful ethical discussion depends on people who have a clear sense of personal values. When many people share the same values it may be possible to identify a philosophy of utilitarianism, with proposes that:
A
The decision to perform a lover transplant depends on a measure of the moral life that the client has led so far.
B
The best way to determine the solution to an ethical dilemma is to refer the case to the attending physician.
C
The value of something is determined by its usefulness to society.
D
The value of people is determined solely by leaders in the Unitarian church.
Question 44 Explanation:
A utilitarian system of ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.
Question 45
Which statement about loss is accurate?
A
Loss is only experienced when there is an actual absence of something valued.
B
The degree of stress experienced is unrelated to the type of loss.
C
Loss may be maturational, situational, or both.
D
The more the individual has invested in what is lost, the less the feeling of loss.
Question 46
The nurse places an aquathermia pad on a client with a muscle sprain. The nurse informs the client the pad should be removed in 30 minutes. Why will the nurse return in 30 minutes to remove the pad?
A
Reflex vasoconstriction occurs.
B
Reflex vasodilation occurs.
C
Systemic response occurs.
D
Local response occurs.
Question 46 Explanation:
If heat is applied for 1 hour or more, blood flow is reduced by reflex vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of the desired effect of heat application
Question 47
Which statement is correct?
A
Consent for medical treatment can be given by a minor with a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
B
Nurses who get sick and leave during a shift are not abandoning clients if they call their supervisor and leave a message about their emergency illness.
C
Student nurses cannot be sued for malpractice while in a nursing clinical class.
D
A second trimester abortion can be given without state involvement.
Question 47 Explanation:
Anyone, at any age, can be treated without parental permission for an STD infection. The client is “advised” to contact sexual partners but is not “required” to give names. Permission from parents is not needed, based upon current privacy laws.
Question 48
The nurse puts a restraint jacket on a client without the client’s permission and without the physicians order. The nurse may be guilty of:
A
Invasion of privacy
B
Assault
C
Battery
D
Neglect
Question 49
The philosophy sometimes called the code of ethics of care suggests that ethical dilemmas can best be solved by attention to:
A
Relationships
B
Ethical principles
C
Code of ethics for nurses.
D
Clients
Question 49 Explanation:
The ethic of care explores the notion of care as a central activity of human behavior. Those who write about the ethics of care advocate a more female biased theory that is based on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives.
Question 50
In the United States, access to health care usually depends on a client’s ability to pay for health care, either through insurance or by paying cash. The client the nurse is caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This client has been out of work for several months and does not have insurance or enough cash. A discussion about the ethics of this situation would involve predominantly the principle of:
A
Respect of autonomy, because this client’s autonomy will be violated if he does not receive the liver transplant.
B
Justice, because the first and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources.
C
Accountability, because you as the nurse are accountable for the well being of this client.
D
Ethics of care, because the caring thing that a nurse could provide this patient is resources for a liver transplant.
Question 50 Explanation:
Justice refers to fairness. Health care providers agree to strive for justice in health care. The term often is used during discussions about resources. Decisions about who should receive available organs are always difficult.
Question 51
Ethical principles for professional nursing practice in a clinical setting are guided by the principles of conduct that are written as the:
A
Good Samaritan laws for civil guidelines
B
American Nurses Association’s (ANA’s) Code of Ethics
C
Standards of care from experts in the practice field
D
Nurse Practice Act (NPA) written by state legislation
Question 51 Explanation:
This set of ethical principles provides the professional guidelines established by the ANA to maintain the highest standards for ideal conduct in practice. As a profession, the ANA wanted to establish rules and then incorporate guidelines for accountability and responsibility of each nurse within the practice setting.
Question 52
Transcultural nursing implies:
A
Working in another culture to practice nursing within their limitations
B
Using a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups to provide specific individualized care that is culturally appropriate
C
Ignoring all cultural differences to provide the best generalized care to all clients.
D
Combining all cultural beliefs into a practice that is a nonthreatening approach to minimize cultural barriers for all clients’ equality of care
Question 52 Explanation:
Transcultural care means that by understanding and learning about specific cultural practices the nurse can integrate these practices into the plan of care for a specific individual client who has the same beliefs or practices to meet the client’s needs in a holistic manner of care.
Question 53
Nurses agree to be advocates for their patients. Practice of advocacy calls for the nurse to:
A
Document all clinical changes in the medical record in a timely manner.
B
Work to understand the law as it applies to the client’s clinical condition.
C
Assess the client’s point of view and prepare to articulate this point of view.
D
Seek out the nursing supervisor in conflicting situations
Question 53 Explanation:
Nurses strengthen their ability to advocate for a client when nurses are able to identify personal values and then accurately identify the values of the client and articulate the client’s point of view.
Question 54
A client’s family member says to the nurse, “The doctor said he will provide palliative care. What does that mean?” The nurse’s best response is:
A
“The goal of palliative care is to affect a cure of a serious illness or disease.”
B
“Palliative care aims to relieve or reduce the symptoms of a disease.”
C
“Palliative care means the client and family take a more passive role and the doctor focuses on the physiological needs of the client. The location of death will most likely occur in the hospital setting.”
D
“Palliative care is given to those who have less than 6 months to live.”
Question 54 Explanation:
The goal of palliative care is the prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders without effecting a cure.
Question 55
The code of ethics for nurses is composed and published by:
A
The national league for Nursing
B
The Medical American Association
C
The American Nurses Association
D
The National Institutes of Health, Nursing division.
Question 55 Explanation:
the ANA has established widely accepted codes that professional nurses attempt to follow.
Question 56
In most ethical dilemmas, the solution to the dilemma requires negotiation among members of the health care team. The nurse’s point of view is valuable because:
A
Nurses develop a relationship to the client that is unique among all professional health care providers.
B
The principle of autonomy guides all participants to respect their own self-worth.
C
Nurses have a legal license that encourages their presence during ethical discussions.
D
The nurse’s code of ethics recommends that a nurse be present at any ethical discussion about client care.
Question 56 Explanation:
When ethical dilemmas arise, the nurses point of view unique and critical. The nurse usually interacts with clients over longer time intervals than do other disciples.
Question 57
All of the following are crucial needs of the dying client except:
A
Freedom from decision making
B
Love and belonging
C
Preservation of dignity and self-worth
D
Control of pain
Question 58
Miss Mary, an 88-year old woman, believes that life should not be prolonged when hope is gone. She has decided that she does not want extraordinary measures taken when her life is at its end. Because she feels this way, she has talked with her daughter about her desires, completing a living will and left directions with her physician. This is an example of:
A
Choosing a value
B
Prizing a value
C
Affirming a value
D
Reflecting a value
Question 59
The distribution of nurses to areas of “most need” in the time of a nursing shortage is an example of:
A
Deontological theory
B
Utilitarianism theory
C
Justice
D
Beneficence
Question 59 Explanation:
Justice is defined as the fairness of distribution of resources. However, guidelines for a hierarchy of needs have been established, such as with organ transplantation. Nurses are moved to areas of greatest need when shortages occur on the floors. No floor is left without staff, and another floor that had five staff will give up two to go help the floor that had no staff.
Question 60
Cultural competence is the process of:
A
Learning about vast cultures
B
Acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes
C
Motivation and commitment to caring.
D
Influencing treatment and care of clients
Question 60 Explanation:
Cultural competence is the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensure delivery of culturally congruent care.
Question 61
A client is hospitalized in the end stage of terminal cancer. His family members are sitting at his bedside. What can the nurse do to best aid the family at this time?
A
Limit the time visitors may stay so they do not become overwhelmed by the situation.
B
Find simple and appropriate care activities for the family to perform.
C
Discourage spiritual practices because this will have little connection to the client at this time.
D
Avoid telling family members about the client’s actual condition so they will not lose hope.
Question 61 Explanation:
It is helpful for the nurse to find simple care activities for the family to perform, such as feeding the client, washing the client’s face, combing hair, and filling out the client’s menu. This helps the family demonstrate their caring for the client and enables the client to feel their closeness and concern. a. Older adults often become particularly lonely at night and may feel more secure if a family member stays at the bedside during the night. The nurse should allow visitors to remain with dying clients at any time if the client wants them. It is up to the family to determine if they are feeling overwhelmed, not the nurse.
Question 62
A bioethical issue should be described as:
A
The physician’s making all decisions of client management without getting input from the client
B
The withholding of food and treatment at the request of the client in a written advance directive given before a client acquired permanent brain damage from an accident.
C
After the client gives permission, the physician’s disclosing all information to the family for their support in the management of the client.
D
A research project that included treating all the white men and not treating all the black men to compare the outcomes of a specific drug therapy.
Question 62 Explanation:
The ethical issue was the inequality of treatment based strictly upon racial differences. Secondly, the drug was deliberately withheld even after results showed that the drug was working to cure the disease process in the white men for many years. So after many years, the black men were still not treated despite the outcome of the research process that showed the drug to be effective in controlling the disease early in the beginning of the research project. Therefore harm was done. Nonmaleficence, veracity, and justice were not followed.
Question 63
Bereavement may be defined as:
A
The emotional response to loss.
B
The inner feeling and outward reactions of the survivor.
C
Postponing the awareness of the reality of the loss.
D
The outward, social expression of loss.
Question 64
The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing theory is
A
Sr. Callista Roy
B
Betty Newman
C
Dorothea Orem
D
Madeleine Leininger
Question 64 Explanation:
Madeleine Leininger developed the theory on transcultural theory based on her observations on the behavior of selected people within a culture.
Question 65
Ethnocentrism is the root of:
A
Biases and prejudices
B
Cultural beliefs
C
Meanings by which people make sense of their experiences.
D
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
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1. The best explanation of what Title VI of the Civil Rights Act mandates is the freedom to:
Pick any physician and insurance company despite one’s income
Receive free medical benefits as needed within the county of residence
Have equal access to all health care regardless of race and religion
Have basic care with a sliding scale payment plan from all health care facilities
2. Which statement would best explain the role of the nurse when planning care for a culturally diverse population? The nurse will plan care to:
Include care that is culturally congruent with the staff from predetermined criteria
Focus only on the needs of the client, ignoring the nurse’s beliefs and practices
Blend the values of the nurse that are for the good of the client and minimize the client’s individual values and beliefs during care
Provide care while aware of one’s own bias, focusing on the client’s individual needs rather than the staff’s practices
3. Which factor is least significant during assessment when gathering information about cultural practices?
Language, timing
Touch, eye contact
Biocultural needs
Pain perception, management expectations
4. Transcultural nursing implies:
Using a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups to provide specific individualized care that is culturally appropriate
Working in another culture to practice nursing within their limitations
Combining all cultural beliefs into a practice that is a nonthreatening approach to minimize cultural barriers for all clients’ equality of care
Ignoring all cultural differences to provide the best generalized care to all clients.
5. What should the nurse do when planning nursing care for a client with a different cultural background? The nurse should:
Allow the family to provide care during the hospital stay so no rituals or customs are broken
Identify how these cultural variables affect the health problem
Speak slowly and show pictures to make sure the client always understands
Explain how the client must adapt to hospital routines to be effectively cared for while in the hospital
6. Which activity would not be expected by the nurse to meet the cultural needs of the client?
Promote and support attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and skills to respectfully meet client’s cultural needs despite the nurse’s own beliefs and practices
Ensure that the interpreter understands not only the language of the client but feelings and attitudes behind cultural practices to make sure an ethical balance can be achieved
Develop structure and process for meeting cultural needs on a regular basis and means to avoid overlooking these needs with clients
Expect the family to keep an interpreter present at all times to assist in meeting the communication needs all day and night while hospitalized
7. Ethical principles for professional nursing practice in a clinical setting are guided by the principles of conduct that are written as the:
American Nurses Association’s (ANA’s) Code of Ethics
Nurse Practice Act (NPA) written by state legislation
Standards of care from experts in the practice field
Good Samaritan laws for civil guidelines
8. A bioethical issue should be described as:
The physician’s making all decisions of client management without getting input from the client
A research project that included treating all the white men and not treating all the black men to compare the outcomes of a specific drug therapy.
The withholding of food and treatment at the request of the client in a written advance directive given before a client acquired permanent brain damage from an accident.
After the client gives permission, the physician’s disclosing all information to the family for their support in the management of the client.
9. When the nurse described the client as “that nasty old man in 354,” the nurse is exhibiting which ethical dilemma?
Gender bias and ageism
HIPPA violation
Beneficence
Code of ethics violation
10. The distribution of nurses to areas of “most need” in the time of a nursing shortage is an example of:
Utilitarianism theory
Deontological theory
Justice
Beneficence
11. Nurses are bound by a variety of laws. Which description of a type of law is correct?
Statutory law is created by elected legislature, such as the state legislature that defines the Nurse Practice Act (NPA).
Regulatory law includes prevention of harm for the public and punishment for those laws that are broken.
Common law protects the rights of the individual within society for fair and equal treatment.
Criminal law creates boards that pass rules and regulations to control society.
12. Besides the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), which governing agency regulates hospitals to allow continued safe services to be provided, funding to be received from the government and penalties if guidelines are not followed?
Board of Nursing Examiners (BNE)
Nurse Practice Act (NPA)
American Nurses Association (ANA)
Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA)
13. When a client is confused, left alone with the side rails down, and the bed in a high position, the client falls and breaks a hip. What law has been broken?
Assault
Battery
Negligence
Civil tort
14. When signing a form as a witness, your signature shows that the client:
Is fully informed and is aware of all consequences.
Was awake and fully alert and not medicated with narcotics.
Was free to sign without pressure
Has signed that form and the witness saw it being done
15. Which criterion is needed for someone to give consent to a procedure?
An appointed guardianship
Unemancipated minor
Minimum of 21 years or older
An advocate for a child
16. Which statement is correct?
Consent for medical treatment can be given by a minor with a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
A second trimester abortion can be given without state involvement.
Student nurses cannot be sued for malpractice while in a nursing clinical class.
Nurses who get sick and leave during a shift are not abandoning clients if they call their supervisor and leave a message about their emergency illness.
17. Most litigation in the hospital comes from the:
Nurse abandoning the clients when going to lunch
Nurse following an order that is incomplete or incorrect
Nurse documenting blame on the physician when a mistake is made
Supervisor watching a new employee check his or her skills level
18. The nurse places an aquathermia pad on a client with a muscle sprain. The nurse informs the client the pad should be removed in 30 minutes. Why will the nurse return in 30 minutes to remove the pad?
Reflex vasoconstriction occurs.
Reflex vasodilation occurs.
Systemic response occurs.
Local response occurs.
19. A client has recently been told he has terminal cancer. As the nurse enters the room, he yells, “My eggs are cold, and I’m tired of having my sleep interrupted by noisy nurses!” The nurse may interpret the client’s behavior as:
An expression of the anger stage of dying
An expression of disenfranchised grief
The result of maturational loss
The result of previous losses
20. When helping a person through grief work, the nurse knows:
Coping mechanisms that were effective in the past are often disregarded in response to the pain of a loss
A person’s perception of a loss has little to do with the grieving process.
The sequencing of stages of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may recur.
Most clients want to be left alone.
21. A client is hospitalized in the end stage of terminal cancer. His family members are sitting at his bedside. What can the nurse do to best aid the family at this time?
Limit the time visitors may stay so they do not become overwhelmed by the situation.
Avoid telling family members about the client’s actual condition so they will not lose hope.
Discourage spiritual practices because this will have little connection to the client at this time.
Find simple and appropriate care activities for the family to perform.
22. When caring for a terminally ill client, it is important for the nurse maintain the client’s dignity. This can be facilitated by:
Spending time to let clients share their life experiences
Decreasing emphasis on attending to the clients’ appearance because it only increases their fatigue
Making decisions for clients so they do not have to make them
Placing the client in a private room to provide privacy at all times
23. What are the stages of dying according to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
Numbing; yearning and searching; disorganization and despair; and reorganization.
Accepting the reality of loss, working through the pain of grief, adjusting to the environment without the deceased, and emotionally relocating the deceased and moving on with life.
Anticipatory grief, perceived loss, actual loss, and renewal.
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
24. Bereavement may be defined as:
The emotional response to loss.
The outward, social expression of loss.
Postponing the awareness of the reality of the loss.
The inner feeling and outward reactions of the survivor.
25. A client who had a “Do Not Resuscitate” order passed away. After verifying there is no pulse or respirations, the nurse should next:
Have family members say goodbye to the deceased.
Call the transplant team to retrieve vital organs.
Remove all tubes and equipment (unless organ donation is to take place), clean the body, and position appropriately.
Call the funeral director to come and get the body.
26. A client’s family member says to the nurse, “The doctor said he will provide palliative care. What does that mean?” The nurse’s best response is:
“Palliative care is given to those who have less than 6 months to live.”
“Palliative care aims to relieve or reduce the symptoms of a disease.”
“The goal of palliative care is to affect a cure of a serious illness or disease.”
“Palliative care means the client and family take a more passive role and the doctor focuses on the physiological needs of the client. The location of death will most likely occur in the hospital setting.”
27. Which of the following is not included in evaluating the degree of heritage consistency in a client?
Gender
Culture
Ethnicity
Religion
28. When providing care to clients with varied cultural backgrounds, it is imperative for the nurse to recognize that:
Cultural considerations must be put aside if basic needs are in jeopardy.
Generalizations about the behavior of a particular group may be inaccurate.
Current health standards should determine the acceptability of cultural practices.
Similar reactions to stress will occur when individuals have the same cultural background.
29. To respect a client’s personal space and territoriality, the nurse:
Avoids the use of touch
Explains nursing care and procedures
Keeps the curtains pulled around the clients bed
Stands 8 feet away from the bed, if possible.
30. To be effective in meeting various ethnic needs, the nurse should:
Treat all clients alike.
Be aware of clients’ cultural differences.
Act as if he or she is comfortable with the client’s behavior.
Avoid asking questions about the client’s cultural background.
31. The most important factor in providing nursing care to clients in a specific ethnic group is:
Communication
Time orientation
Biological variation
Environmental control
32. A health care issue often becomes an ethical dilemma because:
A clients legal rights coexist with a health professionals obligation.
Decisions must be made quickly, often under stressful conditions.
Decisions must be made based on value systems.
The choices involved do not appear to be clearly right or wrong.
33. A document that lists the medical treatment a person chooses to refuse if unable to make decisions is the:
Durable power of attorney
Informed consent
Living will
Advance directives
34. Which statement about an institutional ethics committee is correct?
The ethics committee is an additional resource for clients and health care professionals.
The ethics committee relieves health care professionals from dealing with ethical issues.
The ethics committee would be the first option in addressing an ethical dilemma.
The ethics committee replaces decision making by the client and health care providers.
35. The nurse is working with parents of a seriously ill newborn. Surgery has been proposed for the infant, but the chances of success are unclear. In helping the parents resolve this ethical conflict, the nurse knows that the first step is:
Exploring reasonable courses of action
Collecting all available information about the situation
Clarifying values related to the cause of the dilemma.
Identifying people who can solve the difficulty.
36. Miss Mary, an 88-year old woman, believes that life should not be prolonged when hope is gone. She has decided that she does not want extraordinary measures taken when her life is at its end. Because she feels this way, she has talked with her daughter about her desires, completing a living will and left directions with her physician. This is an example of:
Affirming a value
Choosing a value
Prizing a value
Reflecting a value
37. The scope of Nursing practice is legally defined by:
State nurses practice acts
Professional nursing organizations
Hospital policy and procedure manuals
Physicians in the employing institutions
38. A student nurse who is employed as a nursing assistant may perform any functions that:
Have been learned about in school
Are expected of a nurse at that level
Are identified in the positions job description
Require technical rather than professional skill.
39. A confused client who fell out of bed because side rails were not used is an example of which type of liability?
Felony
Assault
Battery
Negligence
40. The nurse puts a restraint jacket on a client without the client’s permission and without the physicians order. The nurse may be guilty of:
Assault
Battery
Invasion of privacy
Neglect
41. In a situation in which there is insufficient staff to implement competent care, a nurse should:
Organize a strike
Inform the clients of the situation
Refuse the assignment
Accept the assignment but make a protest in writing to the administration.
42. Which statement about loss is accurate?
Loss is only experienced when there is an actual absence of something valued.
The more the individual has invested in what is lost, the less the feeling of loss.
Loss may be maturational, situational, or both.
The degree of stress experienced is unrelated to the type of loss.
43. Trying questionable and experimental forms of therapy is a behavior that is characterized of which stage of dying?
Anger
Depression
Bargaining
Acceptance
44. All of the following are crucial needs of the dying client except:
Control of pain
Preservation of dignity and self-worth
Love and belonging
Freedom from decision making
45. Cultural awareness is an in-depth self-examination of one’s:
Background, recognizing biases and prejudices.
Social, cultural, and biophysical factors
Engagement in cross-cultural interactions
Motivation and commitment to caring.
46. Cultural competence is the process of:
Learning about vast cultures
Acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes
Influencing treatment and care of clients
Motivation and commitment to caring.
47. Ethnocentrism is the root of:
Biases and prejudices
Meanings by which people make sense of their experiences.
Cultural beliefs
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
48. When action is taken on one’s prejudices:
Discrimination occurs
Sufficient comparative knowledge of diverse groups is obtained.
Delivery of culturally congruent care is ensured.
People think/know you are a dumbass for being prejudiced.
49. The dominant value orientation in North American society is:
Use of rituals symbolizing the supernatural.
Group reliance and interdependence
Healing emphasizing naturalistic modalities
Individualism and self-reliance in achieving and maintaining health.
50. Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrates: a (an)
Illness attributed to natural, impersonal, and biological forces.
Creation of own interpretation and descriptions of biological and psychological malfunctions.
Influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality.
Combination of naturalistic, religious, ad supernatural modalities.
51. Culture strongly influences pain expression and need for pain medication. However, cultural pain:
May be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
Is more intense, thus necessitating more medication.
Is not expressed verbally or physically
Is expressed only to others of like culture.
52. The dominant values in American society on individual autonomy and self-determination:
Rarely have an effect on other cultures
Do have an effect on health care
May hinder ability to get into a hospice program
May be in direct conflict with diverse groups.
53. In the United States, access to health care usually depends on a client’s ability to pay for health care, either through insurance or by paying cash. The client the nurse is caring for needs a liver transplant to survive. This client has been out of work for several months and does not have insurance or enough cash. A discussion about the ethics of this situation would involve predominantly the principle of:
Accountability, because you as the nurse are accountable for the well being of this client.
Respect of autonomy, because this client’s autonomy will be violated if he does not receive the liver transplant.
Ethics of care, because the caring thing that a nurse could provide this patient is resources for a liver transplant.
Justice, because the first and greatest question in this situation is how to determine the just distribution of resources.
54. The code of ethics for nurses is composed and published by:
The national league for Nursing
The American Nurses Association
The Medical American Association
The National Institutes of Health, Nursing division.
55. Nurses agree to be advocates for their patients. Practice of advocacy calls for the nurse to:
Seek out the nursing supervisor in conflicting situations
Work to understand the law as it applies to the client’s clinical condition.
Assess the client’s point of view and prepare to articulate this point of view.
Document all clinical changes in the medical record in a timely manner.
56. Successful ethical discussion depends on people who have a clear sense of personal values. When many people share the same values it may be possible to identify a philosophy of utilitarianism, with proposes that:
The value of people is determined solely by leaders in the Unitarian church.
The decision to perform a lover transplant depends on a measure of the moral life that the client has led so far.
The best way to determine the solution to an ethical dilemma is to refer the case to the attending physician.
The value of something is determined by its usefulness to society.
57. The philosophy sometimes called the code of ethics of care suggests that ethical dilemmas can best be solved by attention to:
Relationships
Ethical principles
Clients
Code of ethics for nurses.
58. In most ethical dilemmas, the solution to the dilemma requires negotiation among members of the health care team. The nurse’s point of view is valuable because:
Nurses have a legal license that encourages their presence during ethical discussions.
The principle of autonomy guides all participants to respect their own self-worth.
Nurses develop a relationship to the client that is unique among all professional health care providers.
The nurse’s code of ethics recommends that a nurse be present at any ethical discussion about client care.
59. Ethical dilemmas often arise over a conflict of opinion. Once the nurse has determined that the dilemma is ethical, a critical first step in negotiating the difference of opinion would be to:
Consult a professional ethicist to ensure that the steps of the process occur in full.
Gather all relevant information regarding the clinical, social, and spiritual aspects of the dilemma.
List the ethical principles that inform the dilemma so that negotiations agree on the language of the discussion.
Ensure that the attending physician has written an order for an ethics consultation to support the ethics process.
60. The nurse practice acts are an example of:
Statutory law
Common law
Civil law
Criminal law
61. The scope of Nursing Practice, the established educational requirements for nurses, and the distinction between nursing and medical practice is defined by:
Statutory law
Common law
Civil law
Nurse practice acts
62. The client’s right to refuse treatment is an example of:
Statutory law
Common law
Civil laws
Nurse practice acts
63. Even though the nurse may obtain the clients signature on a form, obtaining informed consent is the responsibility of the:
Client
Physician
Student nurse
Supervising nurse.
64. The nurse is obligated to follow a physician’s order unless:
The order is a verbal order
The physicians order is illegible
The order has not been transcribed
The order is an error, violates hospital policy, or would be detrimental to the client.
65. The nursing theorist who developed transcultural nursing theory is
Dorothea Orem
Madeleine Leininger
Betty Newman
Sr. Callista Roy
Answers and Rationales
C.
D. Without understanding one’s own beliefs and values, a bias or preconceived belief by the nurse could create an unexpected conflict or an area of neglect in the plan of care for a client (who might be expecting something totally different from the care). During assessment values, beliefs, practices should be identified by the nurse and used as a guide to identify the choices by the nurse to meet specific needs/outcomes of that client. Therefore identification of values, beliefs, and practices allows for planning meaningful and beneficial care specific for this client.
C. Cultural practices do not influence biocultural needs because they are inborn risks that are related to a biological need and not a learned cultural belief or practice.
A. Transcultural care means that by understanding and learning about specific cultural practices the nurse can integrate these practices into the plan of care for a specific individual client who has the same beliefs or practices to meet the client’s needs in a holistic manner of care.
B. Without assessment and identification of the cultural needs, the nurse cannot begin to understand how these might influence the health problem or health care management.
D. It is not the family’s responsibility to assist in the communication process. Many families will leave someone to help at times, but it is the hospital’s legal obligation to find an interpreter for continued understanding by the client to make sure the client is fully informed and comprehends in his or her primary language.
A. This set of ethical principles provides the professional guidelines established by the ANA to maintain the highest standards for ideal conduct in practice. As a profession, the ANA wanted to establish rules and then incorporate guidelines for accountability and responsibility of each nurse within the practice setting.
B. The ethical issue was the inequality of treatment based strictly upon racial differences. Secondly, the drug was deliberately withheld even after results showed that the drug was working to cure the disease process in the white men for many years. So after many years, the black men were still not treated despite the outcome of the research process that showed the drug to be effective in controlling the disease early in the beginning of the research project. Therefore harm was done. Nonmaleficence, veracity, and justice were not followed.
A. Stereotyping an “old man” as “nasty”is a gender bias and an ageism issue. The nurse is verbalizing a negative descriptor about the client.
C. Justice is defined as the fairness of distribution of resources. However, guidelines for a hierarchy of needs have been established, such as with organ transplantation. Nurses are moved to areas of greatest need when shortages occur on the floors. No floor is left without staff, and another floor that had five staff will give up two to go help the floor that had no staff.
A. Statutory law is created by legislature. It creates statues such as the NPA, which defines the role of the nurse and expectations of the performance of one’s duties and explains what is contraindicated as guidelines for breech of those regulations.
D. If the hospital fails to follow ADA guidelines for meeting special needs, the facility loses funding and status for receiving low-income loans or reimbursement of expenses. ADA protects the civil rights of disabled people. It applies to both the hospital clients and hospital staff. Privacy issues for persons who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been one issue in relationship to getting information when hospital staff have been exposed to unclean sticks. The ADA allows the infected client the right to choose whether or not to disclose that information.
C. Knowing what to do to prevent injury is a part of the standards of care for nurses to follow. Safety guidelines dictate raising the side rails, staying with the client, lowering the bed, and observing the client until the environment is safe. As a nurse, these activities are known as basic safety measures that prevent injuries, and to not perform them is not acting in a safe manner. Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard of care that protects others against unreasonable risk of harm.
D. Your signature as a witness only states that the person signing the form was the person who was listed in the procedure.
A. A guardian has been appointed by a court and has full legal rights to choose management of care.
A. Anyone, at any age, can be treated without parental permission for an STD infection. The client is “advised” to contact sexual partners but is not “required” to give names. Permission from parents is not needed, based upon current privacy laws.
B. The nurse is responsible for clarifying all orders that are illegible, unreasonable, unsafe, or incorrect. The failure of the nurse to question the physician about an order creates an area of liability on the nurse’s part because this is perceived as a medical action and not the role of the nurse to write orders. Some RNs do have prescriptive privileges based upon advanced degrees and certification. Therefore the nurse who cannot correct the order must document that the physician was called and clarification or a new order was given to correct the unclear or illegible one that was currently on the chart. Phone calls, follow-up, and lack of follow-up by the physician should also be documented if there is a problem with getting the information in a timely manner. The nurse must show the sequence of events of a situation in a clear manner if there is any conflict or question about any orders or procedures that were not appropriate. Assessments and documentation of the client’s status should also be included if there is a potential risk for harm present. Contact of the staff’s chain of command should also be specifically stated for the proof of the responsibilities being followed according to hospital policy.
A. If heat is applied for 1 hour or more, blood flow is reduced by reflex vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction is the opposite of the desired effect of heat application
A. In the anger stage of Kubler-Ross’s stages of dying, the individual resists the loss and may strike out at everyone and everything, in this case, the nurse.
C. Grief is manifested in a variety of ways that are unique to an individual and based on personal experiences, cultural expectations, and spiritual beliefs. The sequencing of stages or behaviors of grief may occur in order, they may be skipped, or they may reoccur. The amount of time to resolve grief also varies among individuals.
D. It is helpful for the nurse to find simple care activities for the family to perform, such as feeding the client, washing the client’s face, combing hair, and filling out the client’s menu. This helps the family demonstrate their caring for the client and enables the client to feel their closeness and concern. a. Older adults often become particularly lonely at night and may feel more secure if a family member stays at the bedside during the night. The nurse should allow visitors to remain with dying clients at any time if the client wants them. It is up to the family to determine if they are feeling overwhelmed, not the nurse.
A. Spending time to let clients share their life experiences enables the nurse to know clients better. Knowing clients then facilitates choice of therapies that promote client decision making and autonomy, thus promoting a client’s self-esteem and dignity.
D.
D.
C. The body of the deceased should be prepared before the family comes in to view and say their goodbyes. This includes removing all equipment, tubes, supplies, and dirty linens according to protocol, bathing the client, applying clean sheets, and removing trash from the room.
B. The goal of palliative care is the prevention, relief, reduction, or soothing of symptoms of disease or disorders without effecting a cure.
A.
B.
B.
B.
A.
D.
D.
A.
B.
C.
A.
C.
D.
B.
D.
C.
C.
D.
A. Cultural awareness is an in-depth examination of one’s own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people.
B. Cultural competence is the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that ensure delivery of culturally congruent care.
A.
A.
D.
C. Disparities in health outcomes between the rich and the poor illustrate the influence of socioeconomic factors in morbidity and mortality. Social factors such as poverty and lack of universal medical insurance compromise the health status of the poor and unemployed.
A. Nurses need not assume that pain relief is equally valued across groups. Cultural pain may be suffered by a client whose valued way of life is disregarded by practitioners.
D. The dominant value in American society of individual autonomy and self-determination may be in direct conflict with diverse groups. Advance directives, informed consent, and consent for hospice are examples of mandates that my violate client’s values.
D. Justice refers to fairness. Health care providers agree to strive for justice in health care. The term often is used during discussions about resources. Decisions about who should receive available organs are always difficult.
B. the ANA has established widely accepted codes that professional nurses attempt to follow.
C. Nurses strengthen their ability to advocate for a client when nurses are able to identify personal values and then accurately identify the values of the client and articulate the client’s point of view.
D. A utilitarian system of ethics proposes that the value of something is determined by its usefulness.
A. The ethic of care explores the notion of care as a central activity of human behavior. Those who write about the ethics of care advocate a more female biased theory that is based on understanding relationships, especially personal narratives.
C. When ethical dilemmas arise, the nurses point of view unique and critical. The nurse usually interacts with clients over longer time intervals than do other disciples.
B. Each step in the processing of an ethical dilemma resembles steps in critical thinking. The nurse begins by gathering information and moves through assessment, identification of the problem, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
A.
D.
B.
B.
D.
B. Madeleine Leininger developed the theory on transcultural theory based on her observations on the behavior of selected people within a culture.