NCLEX Practice Exam for Fundamentals of Nursing 2

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Petechiae. Petechiae are small, pinpoint hemorrhagic spots on the skin that are caused by bleeding under the skin. They are usually less than 2 mm in diameter and can appear red, purple, or brown. Petechiae often result from capillary bleeding and are typically seen in conditions that cause bleeding disorders, platelet abnormalities, or vascular inflammation. They do not blanch when pressure is applied, distinguishing them from other types of skin lesions.

Documenting this finding accurately as "petechiae" is essential, as it may indicate an underlying condition that requires further investigation, such as thrombocytopenia, infection, or other vascular issues.

Think of petechiae like tiny drops of red paint on a canvas; they represent small spots of bleeding just below the skin’s surface, similar to how drops of paint sit on the surface of a canvas.

When petechiae are observed, it is important for Nurse Jenny to assess further for potential underlying causes and document accurately.

• Document the size, color, and distribution of petechiae on the client’s skin.
• Monitor for additional signs of bleeding, such as bruising, gums bleeding, or blood in urine/stool, which could indicate a systemic issue.
• Notify the healthcare provider, as petechiae may warrant further investigation or lab work, such as a complete blood count (CBC) to evaluate platelet levels.
• Educate the client to report any new or worsening bleeding symptoms.
• Assess for recent changes in medications, as some drugs (e.g., anticoagulants) can increase the risk of bleeding.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Extravasation — Extravasation refers to the leakage of IV fluid or medication into surrounding tissue, which can cause damage but does not describe hemorrhagic spots on the skin.

Osteomalacia — Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by the softening of bones due to vitamin D deficiency or other metabolic bone diseases. It is not related to skin lesions or hemorrhagic spots.

Uremia — Uremia is a condition that occurs when there is a buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction. It does not describe small hemorrhagic spots on the skin.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Moist, sterile saline gauze. When caring for an open ulceration with visible granulation tissue, it is important to maintain a moist wound environment to promote healing. Moist, sterile saline gauze is the best choice for this type of wound, as it keeps the tissue hydrated, which encourages cell migration, reduces pain, and protects the delicate granulation tissue from damage. A moist environment also helps prevent the gauze from sticking to the wound bed, making dressing changes less painful and reducing the risk of disrupting the healing tissue. Granulation tissue is fragile, and maintaining moisture is essential for its development and maturation.

Using a moist saline gauze dressing is a standard practice in wound care management and should be continued until a wound care specialist provides specific instructions for advanced treatment options.

Think of granulation tissue like a young plant. Just as a plant needs moisture to grow without wilting, the granulation tissue in a wound needs a moist environment to heal and develop without drying out or being damaged.

Applying a moist, sterile saline dressing is an effective short-term approach to support wound healing. Nurse Jessica should monitor the wound and assess for signs of infection or changes in healing.

• Moisten sterile gauze with saline solution and place it gently over the wound bed, ensuring it fully covers the granulation tissue.
• Avoid applying excessive pressure or disturbing the granulation tissue, as it is delicate and easily damaged.
• Change the dressing as indicated, typically once or twice daily, to maintain a moist environment and reduce the risk of infection.
• Document the appearance of the wound, including size, presence of granulation tissue, and any signs of infection.
• Consult the wound care specialist for additional recommendations or advanced dressing options based on the wound’s progress.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Dry sterile dressing — A dry dressing is not appropriate for a wound with granulation tissue, as it can dry out the tissue, delay healing, and adhere to the wound bed. Removing a dry dressing can disrupt the granulation tissue and cause further damage to the healing wound.

Sterile petroleum gauze — While petroleum gauze may prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound, it does not maintain an adequately moist environment. Petroleum-based dressings are typically used for superficial wounds or skin grafts, rather than open ulcers with granulation tissue.

Povidone-iodine-soaked gauze — Povidone-iodine is an antiseptic that can be cytotoxic to healing tissues if used for prolonged periods. It is generally avoided in wounds with granulation tissue, as it can inhibit cell growth and delay wound healing.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

S1 is most prominent at the apex, and S2 is most prominent at the base. The heart sounds, S1 and S2, are produced by the closing of the heart valves. S1, known as the "lub" sound, results from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular systole (contraction). It is loudest at the apex of the heart, where these valves are anatomically closer, which is located in the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line. S2, or the "dub" sound, occurs due to the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole (relaxation) and is most prominent at the base of the heart (in the aortic and pulmonic areas, near the second intercostal spaces along the right and left sternal borders).

Understanding the distinct locations and intensities of S1 and S2 helps nurses accurately assess cardiac function and detect any abnormalities. For example, a louder-than-normal S2 at the apex could indicate hypertension, while diminished S1 could be a sign of mitral valve issues.

Think of the heart sounds like two musical instruments playing at different locations in a room. The bass drum (S1) is loudest near the corner (apex), while the cymbal (S2) is loudest near the opposite side (base). Listening from the correct position allows you to hear each sound most clearly.

When assessing heart sounds, it is important for nurses to auscultate in a systematic way, covering the different regions where S1 and S2 are best heard. This helps in detecting normal and abnormal heart sounds accurately.

• Position the stethoscope at the apex (fifth intercostal space, midclavicular line) to hear S1 most clearly.
• Auscultate at the base of the heart (second intercostal spaces, left and right of the sternum) to best hear S2.
• Use both the diaphragm and bell of the stethoscope to capture both high-pitched (S1, S2) and lower-pitched sounds (S3, S4 or murmurs).
• Ensure a quiet environment to improve the accuracy of auscultation.
• Document any abnormal sounds such as murmurs, extra heart sounds (S3, S4), or variations in intensity.

✘Incorrect answer options:

S1 and S2 are equally loud throughout the entire cardiac area. — This is incorrect because S1 and S2 are not equally loud across all areas of the heart. S1 is louder at the apex, and S2 is louder at the base due to their anatomical positions relative to the valves producing these sounds.

S1 and S2 are fainter when heard at the apex. — This is inaccurate. S1 is actually loudest at the apex, where the mitral and tricuspid valves are located. S2 would be faint here compared to S1.

S1 and S2 are softer at the base of the heart. — This is incorrect as well. S2 is actually most prominent at the base of the heart, where the aortic and pulmonic valves are located. This choice confuses the relative loudness of the sounds at specific locations.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Anisocoria. Anisocoria is the term used to describe unequal pupil sizes. It refers to a condition in which one pupil is larger or smaller than the other, as observed in Mr. Lee, whose left pupil measures 2 mm while his right pupil measures 3 mm. Anisocoria can be benign in some individuals, where it naturally occurs without any underlying neurological issue. However, it can also indicate a neurological disorder, trauma, or other health condition, especially if it appears suddenly or is associated with other symptoms.

In this case, Nurse Megan should document anisocoria and monitor for any additional neurological signs or symptoms that could suggest an underlying problem, such as changes in consciousness, headache, or visual disturbances.

Think of anisocoria like a car with two different-sized headlights. While it might be harmless and part of the car's design, it could also indicate an issue that needs further inspection, especially if it wasn’t present before.

Anisocoria can be benign, but it may also be a sign of an underlying neurological issue. Nurse Megan should assess for additional symptoms and document her findings accurately.

• Document the pupil sizes and any associated symptoms, such as visual changes, headache, or altered consciousness.
• Monitor for changes in the size of either pupil or any new neurological symptoms that could indicate worsening condition.
• Report the finding to the healthcare provider, especially if anisocoria is a new or sudden development.
• Assess Mr. Lee’s past medical history, as some individuals have physiologic anisocoria with no associated pathology.
• Educate Mr. Lee and his family about the finding and any symptoms to watch for that would require immediate medical attention.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Ataxia — Ataxia refers to a lack of muscle coordination, often affecting balance, gait, and fine motor skills. It does not describe differences in pupil size.

Cataract — A cataract is an opacity or clouding of the eye’s lens, leading to blurred vision. It does not cause pupils of unequal sizes.

Diplopia — Diplopia refers to double vision, where a person sees two images of a single object. It is a visual disturbance but not related to unequal pupil sizes.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Recent pelvic surgery. The patient’s symptoms of a warm, tender, reddened area on the calf are classic signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the lower extremities. Recent pelvic surgery is the most significant contributing factor to DVT because surgical procedures, especially those involving the pelvis and lower abdomen, increase the risk of blood clot formation due to immobility during and after the surgery, as well as potential injury to blood vessels. Surgery can also activate the body’s coagulation system, leading to an increased likelihood of clotting.

Patients who undergo pelvic or orthopedic surgeries are at high risk for DVT because of decreased mobility and the body’s natural response to tissue injury, which promotes clot formation to prevent excessive bleeding. Recognizing this risk factor helps Nurse Lisa identify DVT as a probable cause of the patient's symptoms and underscores the need for further evaluation and intervention to prevent complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Imagine blood flow in the veins like cars on a highway. After a major road construction project (such as pelvic surgery), traffic slows down, and there’s a higher chance of a traffic jam forming. Similarly, surgery, especially in the pelvic area, disrupts normal blood flow and increases the risk of clots (traffic jams) forming in the veins of the legs. This "traffic jam" in the blood vessels can lead to symptoms like warmth, redness, and swelling in the affected area, much like how stalled cars back up and cause congestion on the highway.

Recognizing DVT and addressing it promptly is crucial to prevent serious complications. Nurses play a key role in assessing symptoms, educating patients, and implementing preventive measures.

• Monitor the patient’s leg for signs of DVT, including pain, warmth, redness, swelling, and tenderness.
• Advocate for diagnostic tests (e.g., Doppler ultrasound) to confirm the presence of a clot.
• Educate the patient on avoiding activities that could dislodge the clot, such as massaging the leg.
• Encourage compliance with anticoagulant therapy if prescribed, and monitor for signs of bleeding.
• Provide patient education on DVT prevention strategies, such as regular movement, hydration, and leg exercises during periods of immobility.

✘Incorrect answer options:

A history of increased aspirin use — Aspirin is an antiplatelet medication and generally decreases the risk of clot formation. While excessive aspirin use can have side effects, it is unlikely to contribute to DVT formation.

An active daily walking program — Regular walking and physical activity actually reduce the risk of DVT, as muscle contractions in the legs help promote venous blood flow and prevent blood from pooling in the veins.

A history of diabetes — Although diabetes can contribute to vascular complications over time, it is not a direct and immediate risk factor for DVT. While diabetes can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, recent surgery is a much more significant contributor to acute DVT risk.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

"Your scar may fade, but it likely won't disappear completely." Scarring is a natural part of the body’s healing process following an injury or surgery. Although scars can fade over time, they rarely disappear completely. Factors such as age, skin type, wound size, and individual healing processes affect how well a scar fades. In a 64-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus, wound healing may be slower and scarring may be more pronounced due to decreased collagen production and potential circulation issues associated with diabetes. Diabetes often impairs wound healing, increasing the likelihood that a noticeable scar will remain even after the wound is fully healed.

While the scar may improve in appearance with time and possibly fade to some extent, it is unrealistic to expect it to vanish entirely. Providing the patient with accurate information can help manage expectations and prepare them for the healing process.

Imagine a scar like a pencil mark on a piece of paper that you try to erase. With time and effort, the mark may lighten and become less noticeable, but it’s almost impossible to make it disappear completely without leaving some trace. Similarly, with proper wound care and time, scars can fade and blend in with the surrounding skin, but they rarely vanish entirely, especially in individuals with slower healing processes, like older adults or those with diabetes.

Educating patients on realistic expectations for scar healing is an important part of post-injury or post-surgical care, especially for individuals with diabetes who may experience prolonged healing times.

• Explain the phases of wound healing and emphasize that scars often fade gradually over 6 months to a year, but rarely disappear entirely.
• Encourage the patient to follow proper wound care, such as keeping the wound clean and moisturized, to optimize healing.
• Advise on potential treatments to reduce scar visibility, such as silicone gel sheets or scar creams, after the wound has fully closed.
• Educate the patient on factors that can negatively impact wound healing, such as high blood glucose levels, and encourage glucose control to support the healing process.
• Encourage sun protection for the scar area, as sun exposure can make scars more noticeable.

✘Incorrect answer options:

"Your scar will likely disappear within a few weeks." — This response is inaccurate and sets unrealistic expectations. Scar tissue typically takes several months to mature, and even after it fades, it usually does not disappear entirely, especially in older adults with diabetes.

"It usually takes about a month for scars to completely heal." — This is misleading, as scars can take several months to a year to mature and become less visible. The initial wound may heal in a month, but the scar will continue to evolve and may never disappear completely.

"With proper care, your scar should be gone in about six months." — This answer is overly optimistic. Even with proper care, scars typically do not vanish. They may fade significantly over 6–12 months, but they often remain visible to some extent.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Elimination. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, physiological needs are the foundation and have the highest priority because they are essential for survival. These needs include basic biological requirements such as air, water, food, shelter, and elimination. Elimination is crucial for maintaining the body’s homeostasis and removing waste products; if unmet, it can lead to serious health issues such as toxic buildup, infection, or even organ failure.

Maslow’s hierarchy prioritizes physiological needs above safety, security, belonging, and self-esteem needs, as the body cannot function effectively without these fundamental requirements. Therefore, Nurse Rachel should prioritize the client’s elimination needs before addressing higher-level needs like safety or belonging.

Think of Maslow’s hierarchy like building a house. The foundation (physiological needs) must be solid before you can add walls or a roof. Similarly, basic needs like elimination must be addressed first to support overall health and function.

Ensuring that physiological needs are met is essential in patient care, as other interventions become less effective if basic needs are not adequately supported.

• Assess the client’s elimination status, including urinary and bowel function, and address any issues such as constipation, urinary retention, or incontinence.
• Provide interventions as needed, such as medication for constipation, catheterization, or assistance to the restroom.
• Monitor for signs of complications related to elimination, such as dehydration or urinary tract infections.
• Educate the client on healthy elimination practices, including hydration, fiber intake, and regular bathroom habits.
• Address other needs, such as safety or emotional support, after physiological needs are met.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Security — Security is related to feelings of stability and protection, which fall under the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy (safety needs). However, security is not prioritized over physiological needs like elimination.

Safety — Safety needs, which include physical and emotional safety, are also important but come after physiological needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy. Ensuring that the client’s basic biological functions are supported takes precedence.

Belonging — Belonging refers to social needs, such as relationships and feeling connected, which are higher up in Maslow’s hierarchy. These needs are important for emotional well-being but are not prioritized over immediate physiological needs like elimination.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Inspection. In an abdominal assessment, the proper sequence of techniques is crucial to avoid altering the findings. The correct order is Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, and then Palpation. This order helps ensure that normal bowel sounds and other findings are not disrupted by the assessment process itself.

Inspection is always the first step in an abdominal assessment because it is a non-invasive technique that allows the nurse to visually observe the abdomen for any abnormalities such as distention, asymmetry, discoloration, scars, or visible masses. Observing before touching (palpation) or listening (auscultation) prevents any alteration in natural sounds or responses from the patient, which can happen due to muscle tension or stimulation of the bowels from palpation or percussion.

Think of an abdominal assessment like inspecting a still pond. Just as you would look at the water surface before throwing a stone in to avoid disturbing its clarity, you inspect the abdomen first to see its natural state without influencing it with any touch or sound.

Following the correct sequence during an abdominal assessment can help prevent false findings and reduce patient discomfort. Nurses should be systematic and gentle in each step to ensure an accurate and comfortable examination.

• Observe the abdomen for visible signs of discomfort, discoloration, asymmetry, or distention before proceeding with other techniques.
• Communicate with the patient to ensure they are comfortable and informed about each step of the assessment.
• Always auscultate before percussion and palpation to avoid stimulating bowel sounds artificially.
• Document any abnormalities noticed during the inspection phase to compare with findings from other techniques.
• Be aware of the patient's response to each step, especially if they report pain or discomfort.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Auscultation — Although auscultation should be performed before percussion and palpation in an abdominal exam, it is not the first step. Listening to bowel sounds or vascular sounds is done after the initial inspection to avoid altering them.

Percussion — Percussion is used to assess the density of abdominal contents and detect fluid or gas, but it is performed after auscultation. Percussion could stimulate bowel activity, which may alter the sounds heard on auscultation.

Palpation — Palpation is the last step in the abdominal assessment because pressing on the abdomen can provoke muscle guarding and change bowel sounds. This technique may also cause discomfort if performed before other non-invasive techniques.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Patient’s Bill of Rights. The Patient’s Bill of Rights is a document that outlines a client’s rights within the healthcare system, including the right to information, informed consent, and the ability to refuse treatment. It serves to protect patients' autonomy, dignity, and involvement in their healthcare decisions. The Patient’s Bill of Rights ensures that clients are informed about their medical conditions, treatment options, and the potential risks and benefits, empowering them to make informed choices regarding their care. Additionally, it affirms the patient's right to accept or decline medical interventions.

This document is a cornerstone of ethical and patient-centered care, promoting respect for the patient's values and choices.

Think of the Patient’s Bill of Rights as a guidebook for patients, outlining their rights and protections within the healthcare system, much like a customer handbook explains the rights of a customer in a service setting.

Nurses should be familiar with the Patient’s Bill of Rights and advocate for their clients' rights within the healthcare environment.

• Ensure that patients receive all necessary information about their treatment options in a language and manner they understand.
• Respect the patient's right to make informed choices and to consent or refuse treatments.
• Encourage patients to ask questions and participate actively in their healthcare decisions.
• Advocate for the patient's rights if they feel pressured or are not provided with complete information.
• Provide resources or contact information if patients need additional support or have concerns about their rights.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Standard of Nursing Practice — This document outlines the professional standards and competencies required for nursing practice, guiding how nurses should provide care, but it does not specifically address patient rights or informed consent.

Nurse Practice Act — The Nurse Practice Act is a law that regulates nursing practice in each state, defining the scope of practice, licensure requirements, and disciplinary actions. It governs nursing responsibilities but does not focus on patient rights.

Code for Nurses — The Code for Nurses (or Code of Ethics) is a set of ethical guidelines for nurses, outlining principles such as compassion, respect, and integrity. While it addresses ethical considerations, it does not specifically outline patients' rights to information and consent.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Superior vena cava. The ideal placement for the tip of a central venous catheter (CVC) is in the superior vena cava (SVC), just above the right atrium. This position allows for optimal delivery of fluids, medications, and other therapies directly into the central circulation, ensuring that they are rapidly diluted and distributed throughout the body. Positioning the catheter tip in the SVC also minimizes the risk of complications, such as thrombosis or vessel irritation, which could occur if the catheter tip is located in smaller or peripheral veins.

The superior vena cava is preferred because it is a large central vein that can accommodate high volumes of blood flow, which reduces the likelihood of complications such as vein irritation and thrombosis. Correct placement in the SVC can be confirmed via imaging, usually a chest X-ray, after the procedure.

Think of the superior vena cava as a central highway that leads directly to the heart. Placing the catheter tip in this "highway" allows for smooth and rapid delivery of medications and fluids, just like merging onto a major freeway facilitates faster travel compared to smaller side streets.

Proper placement of the CVC is essential to reduce the risk of complications. Nurses play a key role in monitoring the catheter's placement and ensuring patient safety during and after the procedure.

• Assist with ensuring aseptic technique during catheter insertion to prevent infection.
• Verify catheter placement with an X-ray before using the CVC for medication administration or blood draws.
• Monitor for complications, such as pneumothorax, which can occur during placement in the subclavian or jugular veins.
• Observe the patient for signs of infection, including redness, swelling, or discharge at the insertion site.
• Educate the patient on how to care for the CVC site and recognize potential complications.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Basilic vein — The basilic vein is a peripheral vein in the arm and is not appropriate for the tip of a central venous catheter. The catheter can be inserted through the basilic vein, but the tip must advance to the superior vena cava to be considered a central line.

Jugular vein — The jugular vein (internal or external) is often used as an access site for inserting a CVC, but it is not the final destination for the catheter tip. The catheter tip should be advanced to the superior vena cava for proper central venous access.

Subclavian vein — The subclavian vein is a common insertion site for CVCs, but like the jugular vein, it is not the intended endpoint for the catheter tip. The catheter must be threaded further until the tip reaches the superior vena cava to provide effective central venous access.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Excess fluid volume. Jugular vein distention (JVD) is a physical finding commonly associated with excess fluid volume and is often indicative of conditions such as heart failure or other cardiovascular issues that lead to increased venous pressure. When the heart cannot pump effectively, blood backs up into the veins, especially the large veins near the heart, causing visible distention in the jugular veins. This is a classic sign of right-sided heart failure, which can lead to fluid accumulation in the body, including in the veins, due to poor venous return.

Given that Ms. Thompson is experiencing chest pain and shortness of breath, excess fluid volume related to a cardiovascular condition, such as congestive heart failure, is the most likely cause of her JVD.

Imagine a congested highway where traffic builds up due to a roadblock (the heart’s inability to pump effectively). The backup causes congestion further down the road (the veins), making them visibly swollen, just like jugular vein distention from excess fluid volume.

When JVD is observed in a client with chest pain and shortness of breath, further assessment and interventions are necessary to evaluate and manage potential heart failure or other causes of fluid overload.

• Monitor the client’s vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation, as changes may indicate worsening fluid overload or cardiac function.
• Assess for additional signs of fluid overload, such as edema, crackles in the lungs, and weight gain.
• Position the client in a semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position to ease breathing and reduce venous return to the heart, helping to relieve symptoms.
• Prepare the client for further diagnostic tests as ordered, such as an echocardiogram or chest X-ray, to assess heart function and lung status.
• Administer prescribed diuretics or other medications to help reduce fluid volume if ordered by the healthcare provider.

✘Incorrect answer options:

A tumor in the neck area — While a tumor in the neck could cause localized swelling, it is unlikely to result in jugular vein distention without other symptoms. JVD is more commonly related to cardiovascular issues that lead to systemic fluid overload rather than a localized tumor.

An imbalance in electrolytes — Electrolyte imbalances can cause various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, arrhythmias, and confusion, but they do not typically cause JVD. Fluid overload or heart failure is a more direct cause of jugular vein distention.

Dehydration-related issues — Dehydration would lead to a decreased blood volume and is more likely to cause flat veins rather than distended ones. JVD is indicative of fluid overload rather than fluid deficiency.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Bananas and oranges. Furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic that increases the excretion of water, sodium, chloride, and potassium from the kidneys. This can lead to hypokalemia, a condition in which potassium levels in the blood become too low. Potassium is essential for muscle function, nerve transmission, and heart function. Therefore, it is important for patients taking furosemide to maintain adequate potassium levels to prevent symptoms of hypokalemia, which can include muscle weakness, fatigue, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Bananas and oranges are high in potassium and are excellent dietary sources to help replenish the potassium lost due to furosemide therapy. Encouraging the patient to consume potassium-rich foods can help reduce the risk of electrolyte imbalances associated with the medication.

Imagine potassium as fuel for an engine (muscles and heart). If you’re taking furosemide, it’s like running your engine a lot and using up fuel quickly. Eating foods like bananas and oranges is like regularly refilling the tank so the engine doesn’t run out of fuel.

In addition to dietary guidance, nurses should monitor the patient’s potassium levels and educate them about the symptoms of hypokalemia. Depending on the severity, potassium supplements may be prescribed in addition to dietary intake.

• Encourage the patient to eat potassium-rich foods, including bananas, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, and spinach.
• Educate the patient on signs of low potassium levels, such as muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats, and instruct them to report these symptoms promptly.
• Monitor the patient’s serum potassium levels regularly to assess the need for further supplementation.
• Discuss with the healthcare provider if potassium supplements are necessary, especially if dietary intake is insufficient to maintain normal levels.
• Remind the patient to avoid excessive salt substitutes, as some contain high levels of potassium and may lead to hyperkalemia if not monitored.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Fresh, green vegetables — Although green vegetables are part of a healthy diet, they may not be the best choice for increasing potassium specifically. While some green vegetables contain potassium, they are generally not as potassium-rich as bananas and oranges.

Lean red meat — Red meat provides protein and iron, but it is not a significant source of potassium. Therefore, it would not effectively address the risk of hypokalemia associated with furosemide.

Creamed corn — Corn is relatively low in potassium, and creamed corn also contains added fats, which are not particularly beneficial in this context. It would not provide the necessary potassium to counteract the losses caused by furosemide.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Risk for aspiration related to anesthesia. The highest priority for a client returning from surgery under general anesthesia is risk for aspiration. General anesthesia can suppress the gag and cough reflexes, which increases the risk of aspiration if the patient vomits or has secretions in the oropharyngeal area. Aspiration can lead to serious complications, such as aspiration pneumonia or airway obstruction, which could be life-threatening. Ensuring the airway is clear and monitoring the client for any signs of nausea or vomiting are essential for preventing aspiration in the immediate postoperative period.

The principle of ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) prioritizes maintaining a patent airway as the most critical focus. Addressing the risk of aspiration aligns with this priority, making it the first nursing diagnosis Nurse Grace should address to ensure the client’s safety and stability.

Think of airway management post-anesthesia like keeping a chimney clear after a fire has been put out. Just as smoke might linger and could cause harm if the chimney is blocked, anesthesia can leave reflexes suppressed, and keeping the "airway chimney" clear is crucial right after surgery.

After surgery under general anesthesia, Nurse Grace should focus on interventions to prevent aspiration and support the client's airway and breathing.

• Position the client in a semi-Fowler’s or side-lying position to promote drainage of secretions and reduce the risk of aspiration.
• Monitor the client for any signs of nausea and provide antiemetics as prescribed to reduce the risk of vomiting.
• Observe respiratory rate, effort, and oxygen saturation to assess for any respiratory compromise.
• Keep suction equipment readily available at the bedside in case of the need for rapid suctioning.
• Regularly assess for the return of the gag and cough reflexes to determine when the risk of aspiration decreases.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Acute pain related to surgery — Pain management is important, but it is not the top priority in the immediate postoperative period when the client’s airway and risk for aspiration are the most critical concerns. Pain can be addressed once the airway is secured.

Deficient fluid volume related to blood and fluid loss from surgery — Although fluid volume assessment and management are necessary after surgery, the immediate priority is to ensure that the client’s airway is protected. Fluid status can be managed once the airway and breathing are stable.

Impaired physical mobility related to surgery — Impaired mobility is expected post-surgery and is generally addressed later in the recovery process. Ensuring the client’s immediate safety by prioritizing airway protection and preventing aspiration takes precedence.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Evaluate the client's airway status. In any trauma situation, the primary nursing priority is to assess and secure the client’s airway as part of the ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) approach to emergency care. Blunt chest trauma, such as that resulting from a motor vehicle accident, increases the risk of airway compromise due to possible injuries like rib fractures, lung contusions, or pneumothorax. If the airway is not clear, or if breathing is compromised, it can quickly lead to hypoxia and potentially fatal complications. Ensuring a patent airway allows for proper oxygenation and sets the foundation for further assessment and treatment.

In this case, Nurse Thompson should begin by evaluating Mr. Evans’ airway to ensure he is able to breathe adequately before proceeding to interventions related to pain management, respiratory exercises, or chest wall support.

Think of airway assessment as checking for leaks in a boat before setting sail. If there's a hole (compromised airway), the boat (patient) will sink fast, so fixing that is the top priority to ensure safe travel (stabilization).

In a trauma scenario, addressing the ABCs is critical to stabilize the patient and prevent life-threatening complications. Nurse Thompson’s first focus should be on the airway before proceeding with other interventions.

• Check the airway for any obstructions or signs of compromise, such as abnormal sounds, decreased airflow, or cyanosis.
• Assess the client’s breathing patterns and listen for any indications of respiratory distress, such as shallow or labored breathing.
• Prepare to initiate emergency interventions if the airway is compromised, such as suctioning, using airway adjuncts, or contacting the respiratory team if intubation is necessary.
• Once the airway is secured, assess circulation and other vital signs to ensure hemodynamic stability.
• Document findings promptly and notify the healthcare team if there are signs of severe airway or respiratory compromise.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Administer pain-relieving measures — Pain management is important for trauma patients, but it is not the top priority immediately after blunt trauma. Pain relief should be administered after the airway, breathing, and circulation are evaluated and stabilized.

Encourage the client to take deep breaths and cough — Encouraging deep breathing and coughing is important for preventing atelectasis and promoting lung expansion in patients with chest trauma. However, this is only appropriate after the airway is assessed and stabilized.

Use a pillow to splint the client’s chest wall — Splinting can help reduce pain with chest wall injuries, but it is not an urgent intervention. The priority is to ensure airway patency before implementing supportive measures like splinting.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Inadequate protein intake. Protein is essential for wound healing, as it supports the repair and regeneration of tissues, assists in collagen formation, and helps with immune function. For patients with pressure ulcers, especially those on prolonged bed rest, a diet high in protein is crucial for healing. Without adequate protein, the body struggles to produce the necessary components for tissue repair, which can delay or prevent healing of the ulcer. This is especially true for patients with increased needs due to prolonged immobility, as they are more prone to skin breakdown and require additional nutritional support.

Other nutrients, such as vitamins (like vitamin C and zinc), also play a role in wound healing, but protein remains one of the most critical factors for tissue repair in cases of pressure ulcers.

Think of protein like building materials needed to repair a damaged wall. Without enough bricks (protein), the wall (skin) cannot be rebuilt properly, causing the damage (ulcer) to persist.

Ensuring adequate nutrition, particularly protein intake, is vital for wound healing. Nurse Amy should collaborate with a dietitian to assess the client’s nutritional needs and develop a care plan that supports healing.

• Encourage a diet high in protein, including sources such as lean meats, dairy, legumes, and supplements if needed.
• Monitor the patient's nutritional intake and weight to assess for signs of malnutrition.
• Collaborate with a dietitian to determine the appropriate protein intake and any necessary supplementation.
• Educate the client on the importance of protein for healing and suggest easy-to-digest, high-protein foods if they have poor appetite.
• Continue regular skin care and turning schedules to relieve pressure on the ulcer site.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Inadequate vitamin D intake — While vitamin D is important for bone health and immune function, it is not directly involved in the wound healing process as much as protein. Vitamin C and zinc are more closely associated with wound healing than vitamin D.

Inadequate massaging of the affected area — Massaging a pressure ulcer is generally not recommended, as it can cause further tissue damage and exacerbate the wound. Instead, regular repositioning is a preferred intervention to relieve pressure.

Low calcium level — Calcium is crucial for bone health but does not have a significant role in skin and soft tissue healing. Low calcium levels are unlikely to be the primary factor contributing to delayed healing of a pressure ulcer.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Documenting the medications given. Documentation is a crucial component of the implementation phase of the nursing process, particularly when it comes to drug therapy. When Nurse Emma administers medication, she must accurately record the details, including the drug name, dosage, route, time, and any relevant observations. This documentation ensures clear communication among healthcare providers, enables continuity of care, and provides a legal record of the medication administered. Proper documentation is also essential for monitoring the patient's response to treatment and assessing for any adverse reactions or therapeutic effects over time.

Accurate documentation is a direct and essential aspect of implementing a medication regimen, as it ensures accountability and supports safe and effective patient care.

Think of documenting medication administration like keeping a log of important tasks completed on a project. Just as you’d log each completed step for accountability and continuity, documenting medications provides a record of care for ongoing patient safety and treatment evaluation.

Proper documentation in drug therapy helps in tracking medication effectiveness and ensures that healthcare providers have access to complete information about the patient’s current treatment.

• Document the medication name, dose, route, and time immediately after administration.
• Note any patient responses or adverse reactions observed following drug administration.
• Ensure that documentation is accurate and clear to avoid medication errors.
• Use approved abbreviations and terminology to maintain consistency in patient records.
• Double-check all entries to ensure that no medications are missed or recorded incorrectly.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Developing a content outline — Developing a content outline is related to planning educational sessions or preparing teaching materials, not directly tied to the administration or documentation of medications.

Establishing outcome criteria — Outcome criteria are part of the planning and evaluation phases. They define the expected results of nursing interventions, such as therapeutic effects of the medication, but are not directly part of implementing the medication itself.

Setting realistic client goals — Setting goals is also part of the planning phase, where the nurse works with the patient to determine achievable health outcomes. This step is not directly related to administering or documenting medications.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Inadequate communication between team members. The most common cause of team dysfunction in healthcare settings is inadequate communication between team members. Effective communication is essential for ensuring that each member understands their roles, responsibilities, and how their actions align with the team’s goals. Poor communication can lead to misunderstandings, duplicated efforts, missed information, and even patient safety risks. Even if staff nurses are individually skilled, they cannot work cohesively as a team without open, clear, and structured communication. By improving communication, team dynamics can become more collaborative, and the efficiency and effectiveness of care delivery will improve.

Effective communication strategies might include structured handoffs, regular team meetings, and standardized reporting protocols, which can help foster a more cohesive working environment.

Think of a team like an orchestra where each musician is talented, but if they don't follow the conductor's cues or communicate with each other, the music will sound disjointed. Similarly, without clear communication, a team of skilled nurses will struggle to work in harmony.

To improve team cohesion, Sarah can implement various communication-enhancing practices and encourage a culture of collaboration among the staff.

• Encourage regular team huddles at the beginning of shifts to review the day’s goals, assign roles, and ensure everyone is informed.
• Implement standardized communication tools such as SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation) to streamline information sharing.
• Foster an open environment where team members feel comfortable sharing feedback and voicing concerns without fear of reprisal.
• Promote active listening techniques during team interactions to reduce misunderstandings and ensure everyone’s input is considered.
• Provide training on communication skills, conflict resolution, and collaborative problem-solving to enhance team dynamics.

✘Incorrect answer options:

A lack of individual clinical expertise among the team members — While clinical expertise is essential, the question states that the nurses are individually skilled. Thus, the issue is not related to clinical competence but rather to their ability to work as a cohesive unit.

Insufficient nursing resources and supplies — While lack of resources can impact the quality of care, it is not directly related to team dysfunction. Effective communication can still occur regardless of resource availability.

Overlapping shifts that allow for too much interaction among staff — Overlapping shifts can actually improve team communication by providing time for thorough handoffs. Too much interaction is not a typical cause of team dysfunction; rather, poor-quality or inconsistent interaction is usually the issue.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Baked beans, hamburger, and a glass of milk. This meal — baked beans, hamburger, and a glass of milk — represents the best high-protein option. Protein is essential for tissue repair, immune function, and muscle maintenance, which is especially important after hospitalization. The hamburger provides a high amount of complete protein from beef, while milk is also an excellent source of complete protein, with essential amino acids. Baked beans add additional plant-based protein and fiber. Together, these foods provide a balanced amount of protein sources from both animal and plant sources, supporting Mr. Davis's high-protein dietary needs.

Think of protein like building blocks for the body, especially after it's been under stress. This meal provides several “blocks” from different sources, like adding bricks from multiple piles to construct a stronger structure for recovery.

When educating clients about high-protein diets, it’s important to suggest a variety of protein sources and encourage balanced meals that include protein from both animal and plant sources for optimal nutrition.

• Educate the client on choosing lean meats, dairy products, and plant-based options like beans and lentils to meet their protein needs.
• Encourage portion control to balance protein intake with other nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Provide guidance on reading nutrition labels to identify high-protein foods and incorporate them into meals.
• Discuss the importance of hydration when consuming a high-protein diet, as protein metabolism requires adequate fluid intake.
• Monitor for any dietary restrictions or preferences the client may have to ensure dietary recommendations are realistic and sustainable.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Spaghetti with cream sauce, a side of broccoli, and some tea — This meal provides minimal protein. While the cream sauce may contain some protein, it is not a significant source. Broccoli contains a small amount of protein, but not enough to meet high-protein dietary needs.

Bouillon, a portion of spinach, and a soda — Bouillon and spinach provide very little protein, and soda offers no protein at all. This meal lacks adequate protein to meet a high-protein dietary requirement.

A chicken cutlet, spinach, and a soda — While the chicken cutlet is a good source of protein, this meal provides less protein than the hamburger, milk, and beans option. Additionally, the soda has no nutritional value and does not contribute to protein intake.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Administering the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine to an infant. Primary prevention focuses on preventing the onset of disease or injury before it occurs, typically through measures that promote health and wellness or by providing immunity against infections. Administering vaccines, such as the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, to infants is a classic example of primary prevention because it directly protects the child from developing these diseases by stimulating their immune system to build defenses. This type of prevention is essential in healthcare, especially for communicable diseases, because it decreases the risk of outbreaks and promotes community immunity (herd immunity).

Primary prevention is often the first line of defense in healthcare and includes a range of activities like immunizations, health education, and lifestyle modifications. By addressing potential health issues before they manifest, primary prevention improves overall health outcomes and reduces the burden of disease on both individuals and healthcare systems.

Think of primary prevention like putting up a fence around a playground to prevent children from wandering into a busy street. This barrier (vaccine) keeps children (patients) safe from potential harm (illness) before any accidents (disease) can happen.

In the context of primary prevention, nurses play a key role in promoting vaccine compliance and educating parents about the importance of immunizations. Effective communication and providing factual information are essential to address any concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness.

• Educate parents on the purpose of vaccinations and their role in preventing serious diseases.
• Provide accurate information on the vaccine schedule to ensure timely administration.
• Address any myths or misconceptions parents may have about vaccines, emphasizing evidence-based benefits.
• Encourage parents to keep an updated immunization record for their child.
• Offer resources and guidance on potential mild side effects and when to seek medical advice post-vaccination.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Giving digoxin (Lanoxicaps) to a patient diagnosed with heart failure. Administering digoxin is an example of tertiary prevention, not primary prevention. Digoxin is prescribed to manage symptoms and prevent complications in a patient already diagnosed with heart failure. Tertiary prevention focuses on managing existing conditions to prevent worsening or further complications.

Conducting a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear for cervical cancer screening. A Pap smear is an example of secondary prevention. Secondary prevention aims to detect diseases early, before they become symptomatic or more serious, to improve outcomes through timely intervention. Pap smears help identify precancerous cells in the cervix, which allows for early treatment if necessary.

Providing occupational therapy for a patient managing arthritis. Occupational therapy is an example of tertiary prevention because it helps patients with a chronic condition (arthritis) manage their symptoms and maintain function. Tertiary prevention is focused on improving quality of life and minimizing the effects of established disease.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Recommend a referral to a sex counselor or another appropriate professional. The most appropriate intervention for Nurse Karen in this scenario is to recommend a referral to a sex counselor or another appropriate professional. Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is a common issue for men with diabetes due to the effects of the disease on blood vessels and nerves. Additionally, concerns about sexual function can deeply impact a patient’s emotional well-being and relationship. A trained sex counselor or therapist has the expertise to address the complex emotional, psychological, and physiological aspects of sexual health and can provide specialized counseling and treatment options to help the client and his spouse navigate this concern effectively.

This approach provides the patient with access to professional resources tailored to his needs, which can lead to better outcomes compared to general emotional support alone. A referral also acknowledges the seriousness of his concerns and gives him a structured way to address them with professional guidance.

Think of a sex counselor like a mechanic for a car with specific problems. While general advice might help, a specialist has the expertise to diagnose and fix the exact issue, providing more effective and lasting solutions.

As part of holistic care, addressing a patient’s concerns about sexual health is essential. Referrals to specialized resources ensure that patients receive comprehensive support beyond the scope of routine nursing care.

• Empathize with the patient’s concerns and provide a supportive environment for discussing sensitive issues.
• Facilitate the referral process and ensure the patient has access to relevant resources, such as a sex counselor or therapist specialized in sexual health and diabetes.
• Provide educational materials about diabetes and its effects on sexual health, if appropriate, to help normalize the condition and reduce stigma.
• Encourage open communication between the patient and their spouse to address the impact of impotence on their relationship.
• Reassure the patient that sexual health concerns are a common issue and that support is available to address them.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Encourage the client to ask questions about his personal sexuality. — While encouraging questions can foster open communication, it does not directly address his concern about impotence or provide him with specialized guidance. A referral to a professional is more effective in this context.

Allow the client more time for privacy. — Although privacy is important, it does not address the underlying issue of impotence or provide any therapeutic intervention to help the patient manage his concerns.

Offer emotional support to the spouse or significant other. — Offering support to the spouse can be helpful, but it does not directly address the patient's concerns or provide him with the tools to deal with his condition. A professional referral is more effective for managing the complexities of sexual health in diabetes.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Nursing diagnosis. The nursing diagnosis step of the nursing process involves analyzing assessment data to identify the patient’s responses to both actual and potential health issues. In this step, the nurse interprets information gathered during the assessment to determine specific health problems that nursing interventions can address. These diagnoses provide the basis for developing a personalized plan of care.

The nursing diagnosis goes beyond just identifying medical conditions; it focuses on the patient's holistic responses to health issues, such as physical symptoms, emotional states, and social concerns. This step is essential for creating a targeted care plan that supports both the current needs and potential future risks.

Think of the nursing diagnosis as the process of identifying areas of improvement in a car after an inspection. Just as a mechanic pinpoints issues to be fixed or maintained (actual and potential problems), the nurse identifies specific patient needs to guide care planning.

In the nursing diagnosis phase, the nurse’s critical thinking skills are essential for analyzing data accurately and forming appropriate diagnoses. Utilizing standardized nursing diagnoses, such as those from NANDA-I (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International), helps ensure consistent and evidence-based care planning.

• Analyze and interpret data collected during the assessment phase to identify patterns and significant findings.
• Differentiate between actual problems and risk factors to determine which require immediate intervention.
• Formulate nursing diagnoses using standardized language, such as NANDA-I terms, to facilitate communication and documentation.
• Prioritize diagnoses based on the severity and urgency of the patient’s health needs.
• Involve the patient in this process, as they can provide insights into their experiences and concerns.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Assessment — The assessment phase involves collecting data about the patient's physical, psychological, social, and spiritual status. While this phase gathers the information needed for identifying health responses, the actual determination of patient needs happens in the nursing diagnosis phase.

Planning — In the planning phase, the nurse uses the identified nursing diagnoses to set goals and select interventions. Planning focuses on how to address the issues identified during the nursing diagnosis phase, not on identifying the responses themselves.

Evaluation — Evaluation is the final phase of the nursing process, where the nurse assesses the effectiveness of the interventions in meeting the goals. This phase determines if the patient’s responses have improved or if the care plan needs adjustment, rather than identifying health problems or responses.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Upcoding. Upcoding is the act of using a Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code that reflects a higher level of service than what was actually provided in order to receive higher reimbursement. In this scenario, the provider billed for a 50-minute psychotherapy session when only a 30-minute session was provided. This constitutes upcoding because the documentation does not support the level of service billed. Under the False Claims Act, this practice is illegal and considered fraudulent because it results in the healthcare provider being reimbursed for a service level that was not actually delivered.

Upcoding is a serious offense that can lead to significant penalties, including fines and exclusion from federal health programs like Medicare and Medicaid. It is essential for healthcare providers and facilities to accurately document and bill for the services rendered to ensure compliance with healthcare regulations.

Think of upcoding like a restaurant charging you for a large meal when you only ordered a small one. It’s an intentional misrepresentation to get more money, just like billing for a longer session when only a short one was provided.

Nurses and other healthcare professionals should be vigilant about accurate documentation and billing practices to ensure ethical and legal compliance.

• Review documentation to ensure it accurately reflects the services provided and aligns with the billed CPT codes.
• Report any discrepancies or concerns regarding billing practices to the appropriate compliance officer or department.
• Educate staff on the importance of accurate coding and the legal implications of upcoding under the False Claims Act.
• Participate in ongoing training on billing compliance to prevent misunderstandings related to coding practices.
• Encourage an open culture where staff feel comfortable reporting potential billing errors or fraudulent practices.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Unbundling — Unbundling is the practice of billing for separate components of a procedure that should be billed as a single, comprehensive service. This is different from upcoding, as it involves breaking down services rather than inflating the level of service provided.

Overbilling — Overbilling is a general term that refers to charging more than the actual cost of services provided. While it can sometimes describe fraudulent billing practices, it does not specifically refer to coding a service at a higher level than what was performed.

Misrepresentation — Misrepresentation is a broad term that encompasses any false or misleading documentation or billing, but it is not a specific legal term under the False Claims Act for billing a higher level of service. Upcoding is the more precise term for this behavior.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Bone marrow suppression. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that, while effective for treating serious infections, has a high potential for toxic effects, the most serious of which is bone marrow suppression. This adverse reaction can manifest in two forms: reversible bone marrow suppression (which is dose-dependent and resolves upon discontinuation of the drug) and aplastic anemia, a rare but often fatal form of bone marrow failure that is not dose-dependent and may occur weeks or even months after stopping the medication.

Bone marrow suppression can lead to decreased production of blood cells, resulting in pancytopenia (reduction in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). This puts the patient at risk for anemia, infections, and bleeding. Due to the risk of this life-threatening adverse effect, chloramphenicol use is generally restricted to severe infections for which other, safer antibiotics are ineffective or contraindicated.

Think of the bone marrow as a factory that produces essential supplies (blood cells) for the body. Chloramphenicol, like a toxic chemical in the factory, can damage the production lines, leading to a severe shortage of supplies (blood cells), which affects the entire system.

Nurses should closely monitor patients receiving chloramphenicol, especially for signs of bone marrow suppression. Regular blood work is essential to detect early signs of hematologic toxicity, allowing for prompt intervention.

• Monitor complete blood count (CBC) regularly, focusing on hemoglobin, white blood cell, and platelet levels.
• Educate the patient to report signs of infection (e.g., fever, sore throat), unusual bleeding or bruising, and fatigue, which may indicate bone marrow suppression.
• Discontinue the drug and alert the healthcare provider if any signs of bone marrow toxicity are observed.
• Minimize the duration of chloramphenicol therapy to reduce the risk of toxicity.
• Advise the patient about the importance of follow-up blood tests even after stopping the drug, as delayed reactions can occur.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Lethal arrhythmias — While arrhythmias can be adverse reactions to some medications, they are not associated with chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol’s toxic profile primarily affects the bone marrow.

Malignant hypertension — Malignant hypertension, an extreme and potentially life-threatening increase in blood pressure, is not linked to chloramphenicol use. This adverse effect is more common with certain other medications, like those affecting the autonomic nervous system.

Status epilepticus — Status epilepticus, a continuous seizure state, is not a known adverse reaction to chloramphenicol. Neurological side effects are not common with this antibiotic, compared to its hematologic toxicity.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Produce a false-high measurement. Using a blood pressure cuff that is too small for the client’s arm can result in a false-high measurement. This is because a smaller cuff requires more pressure to compress the artery adequately, leading to artificially elevated readings. Accurate blood pressure measurement relies on using a cuff that appropriately fits the circumference of the client’s arm. If the cuff is too tight or narrow, it can lead to overestimation of the true blood pressure, potentially causing unnecessary concern or even inappropriate treatment.

Imagine trying to measure the water pressure in a garden hose by squeezing it tightly with a small clamp. Because the clamp is too small, you have to apply extra force to get a reading, which gives the impression that the water pressure is higher than it actually is. Similarly, using a blood pressure cuff that is too small requires more pressure to compress the artery, leading to a falsely elevated blood pressure reading. Just as a properly sized clamp would give a more accurate measurement of the hose’s pressure, the right cuff size provides a true reflection of the client's blood pressure.

To obtain an accurate blood pressure reading, it is essential to select the correct cuff size and placement.

• Use a cuff that covers approximately 40% of the arm's circumference and 80% of the upper arm length.
• If the client has a larger arm circumference, use a larger cuff or a thigh cuff to ensure accuracy.
• Position the cuff snugly, but not too tight, around the arm and at heart level for proper measurement.
• Document the cuff size used, especially if a non-standard size was necessary.
• Recheck the blood pressure after selecting the correct cuff size to confirm accurate readings.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Fail to show changes in blood pressure — This is incorrect. Using a cuff that is too small would not prevent detection of blood pressure changes; it would instead result in consistently higher-than-accurate readings.

Cause sciatic nerve damage — Blood pressure cuffs are placed on the upper arm, not near the sciatic nerve, which runs down the lower back and legs. Therefore, this is not a relevant concern for blood pressure measurement.

Produce a false-low measurement — A cuff that is too small would cause a false-high measurement, not a false-low one. A cuff that is too large, on the other hand, might produce a falsely low reading.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Side-lying position. After a tonsillectomy, the side-lying position is the most therapeutic for Ms. Stevens, as it helps prevent aspiration by allowing any blood, mucus, or saliva to drain out of the mouth rather than accumulating in the throat or airway. This position reduces the risk of airway obstruction, which can occur if blood or secretions pool in the back of the throat. In the immediate postoperative period, patients may be at higher risk for bleeding from the surgical site, and a side-lying position minimizes the risk of aspiration should bleeding occur.

Once Ms. Stevens is more alert and the risk of bleeding has decreased, she can gradually transition to a more upright position, but in the initial recovery phase, side-lying is safest.

Think of the side-lying position like tilting a cup with a bit of liquid at the bottom. By positioning the cup at an angle, the liquid can drain out easily, rather than pooling at the bottom. Similarly, side-lying allows any secretions to drain from the mouth instead of collecting in the throat.

For postoperative tonsillectomy care, positioning the client correctly is essential to reduce risks of aspiration and promote recovery.

• Position the client on her side to promote drainage of secretions and minimize the risk of aspiration.
• Monitor the client for signs of postoperative bleeding, such as frequent swallowing or coughing, which could indicate blood pooling at the back of the throat.
• Provide a basin or tissues for the client to spit out any secretions, as swallowing may be uncomfortable and could irritate the surgical site.
• Gradually transition the client to a more upright position as her alertness improves and the risk of bleeding decreases.
• Educate the client about avoiding activities that could disturb the surgical site, such as coughing or clearing her throat forcefully.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Semi-Fowler’s position — Although this position can help with breathing and comfort, it does not provide the same drainage benefits as the side-lying position in the immediate postoperative period, which is essential to prevent aspiration of blood or secretions.

Lying flat on her back (supine) — The supine position can increase the risk of aspiration if any blood or secretions drain toward the back of the throat. This is not ideal immediately after a tonsillectomy due to the risk of postoperative bleeding.

Sitting upright in High-Fowler’s position — High-Fowler’s position may improve airway patency but could be uncomfortable for the throat and does not allow for as effective drainage of secretions as the side-lying position. It may be used later in the recovery phase when the client is more stable.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Cultural norms may influence how Mr. Romano expresses pain; further assessment is needed once he wakes. The most appropriate conclusion is that cultural norms may influence how Mr. Romano expresses pain, and further assessment is needed once he wakes up. Different cultures have unique ways of expressing and coping with pain, and Italian cultural norms, for example, may include more expressive forms of communicating discomfort. However, rather than making assumptions based on cultural stereotypes, Nurse Elena should take a patient-centered approach by respecting his expression of pain and reassessing his condition once he is awake. Pain is a subjective experience, and effective pain management requires ongoing assessment and an open, unbiased approach to each client’s unique experience.

Cultural sensitivity is essential in healthcare to avoid biases and ensure the client receives compassionate and individualized care. By prioritizing further assessment, Nurse Elena can provide appropriate interventions based on Mr. Romano’s reported pain levels and overall condition.

Think of cultural influence on pain expression like different styles of communication. Some people may be more vocal or expressive, while others are reserved, but both are equally valid. Just as you listen carefully to understand someone’s message, it’s important to assess pain without assumptions based on cultural norms.

Culturally sensitive care involves understanding and respecting diverse expressions of pain. Nurse Elena should maintain an open, patient-centered approach in managing Mr. Romano’s discomfort.

• Reassess Mr. Romano’s pain once he wakes up to gain an accurate understanding of his current pain level.
• Avoid assumptions or judgments based on cultural stereotypes; instead, listen to the client’s own description of pain.
• Document any observed patterns in pain expression and communicate with the healthcare team to ensure consistent, unbiased care.
• Encourage Mr. Romano to communicate his pain openly and provide reassurance that his pain concerns are taken seriously.
• Use a pain scale or other objective measures if needed to quantify Mr. Romano’s pain level, providing a consistent framework for assessment.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Mr. Romano may have a high pain tolerance due to cultural conditioning, so his pain may not need immediate assessment. — This response risks making a generalization based on cultural stereotypes and could lead to underestimating Mr. Romano’s pain. Each patient’s pain tolerance is unique and should be assessed individually.

The client’s behavior indicates he is likely exaggerating his pain to receive attention. — This assumption is unprofessional and dismissive. Pain is a subjective experience, and it’s essential to avoid judgmental conclusions about a client’s motives or sincerity.

Mr. Romano’s sleep may suggest his pain has subsided naturally and doesn’t require intervention. — While pain may sometimes decrease naturally, it’s essential to reassess pain levels after he wakes rather than assuming it has subsided. Postponing assessment could delay necessary pain management interventions.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Establish a regular bedtime routine to promote relaxation. Establishing a regular bedtime routine is a foundational non-pharmacological intervention that promotes relaxation and helps the body prepare for sleep. A consistent routine signals to the brain that it’s time to wind down, which can improve sleep quality and help with sleep disturbances. Bedtime routines might include calming activities such as reading, taking a warm bath, or practicing relaxation techniques. This intervention is particularly effective because it aligns with sleep hygiene principles, helping to condition the mind and body for rest.

Developing a bedtime routine is a low-risk, evidence-based approach that should be tried first before considering more intensive interventions, such as medication.

Think of a bedtime routine like a daily ritual that "closes" the day, much like a store closing routine. Just as a store follows a series of steps to signal it’s time to end business for the day, a bedtime routine helps the body and mind prepare to rest for the night.

Establishing a bedtime routine and promoting sleep hygiene are essential in managing sleep disturbances. Nurse Julia can provide guidance on creating a calming routine tailored to the client’s preferences.

• Encourage the client to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, even on weekends, to reinforce their sleep-wake cycle.
• Suggest incorporating relaxing activities, such as reading or gentle stretching, into their nightly routine.
• Advise against stimulating activities before bed, such as screen time, caffeine intake, or intense exercise.
• Encourage creating a comfortable sleep environment (e.g., dim lighting, a cool room) to support restful sleep.
• Assess the client’s response to the bedtime routine and make adjustments as needed to optimize relaxation.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Offer the client a warm caffeinated beverage before bedtime — Caffeine is a stimulant that can interfere with sleep and should be avoided before bedtime. Offering a warm, non-caffeinated drink, such as herbal tea, would be more appropriate for promoting relaxation.

Encourage the client to take a daytime nap to make up for lost sleep — Daytime naps, especially if long or taken late in the day, can disrupt the client’s sleep-wake cycle and make it harder to fall asleep at night. Encouraging nighttime sleep is generally more effective for maintaining a regular sleep pattern.

Suggest the client engage in intense exercise right before bed — Intense exercise close to bedtime can actually increase alertness and body temperature, making it harder to fall asleep. Exercise is beneficial for sleep but should be done earlier in the day to allow the body time to cool down and relax.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Evaluation. The evaluation step of the nursing process involves assessing the effectiveness of the care plan based on the patient's outcomes and progress toward goals. During this phase, the nurse determines if the interventions have been successful in meeting the client’s needs and if the goals established in the care plan have been achieved. If outcomes are not as expected, the nurse revises the care plan accordingly. This may include modifying goals, adjusting interventions, or reassessing priorities to improve patient outcomes.

The evaluation step is essential in ensuring that care remains patient-centered, dynamic, and responsive to the client’s current status and needs.

Think of the evaluation step as a progress review after following a recipe. If the dish doesn't taste as expected, you would adjust the ingredients or cooking time before serving. Similarly, in nursing, if patient outcomes aren't meeting the goals, adjustments are made to the care plan.

During the evaluation phase, the nurse's focus is on assessing the outcomes and making any necessary changes to the care plan to better meet the patient's needs.

• Compare the patient's actual outcomes with the expected outcomes outlined in the care plan.
• Identify factors that may have contributed to the success or failure of achieving the desired outcomes.
• Revise the nursing interventions, goals, or priorities if outcomes are not met or if the patient's condition has changed.
• Collaborate with the healthcare team and the patient to ensure that the revised care plan remains appropriate and effective.
• Document any changes made to the care plan and the rationale for revisions.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Assessment — The assessment phase involves gathering data about the patient's health status, needs, and problems. While this information is essential for developing and revising a care plan, the actual decision to revise based on outcomes occurs in the evaluation phase.

Planning — During the planning phase, the nurse establishes goals and selects interventions based on the patient's needs and problems identified in the assessment. Revision occurs after evaluating the effectiveness of these plans, not during the initial planning phase.

Implementation — Implementation is the action phase, where the nurse carries out the interventions outlined in the care plan. While changes may occur in response to real-time observations, the formal revision based on evaluating outcomes happens in the evaluation phase.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Take measures to prevent infection. The highest priority goal for Mr. Lawson is to take measures to prevent infection. His WBC (white blood cell) count is critically low at 100/µL (normal range is typically 4,000–11,000/µL), indicating severe leukopenia or neutropenia. A low WBC count significantly compromises the body's immune defenses, making Mr. Lawson highly susceptible to infections, which could rapidly become life-threatening. Although his hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are within normal ranges, his severely low WBC count requires immediate action to minimize the risk of infection.

Preventive measures such as strict hand hygiene, limiting exposure to potential pathogens, and using protective isolation if necessary should be prioritized to protect the client from infection.

Think of Mr. Lawson's immune system like a security system with the guards (WBCs) on strike. With no guards, his body is vulnerable to intruders (infections), so every measure needs to be taken to keep intruders away and protect him.

Protecting a client with severe neutropenia from infection is essential, as even minor infections can escalate quickly in an immunocompromised patient. Nurse Julie should implement strict infection prevention practices as part of Mr. Lawson’s care plan.

• Practice strict hand hygiene before any patient contact and encourage Mr. Lawson to do the same.
• Limit visitor access and ensure that visitors practice proper hand hygiene.
• Use protective isolation measures if necessary, including a private room and protective barriers (e.g., gloves, masks) when interacting with the client.
• Monitor for early signs of infection, such as fever, chills, or any localized signs of inflammation, and report these promptly.
• Educate Mr. Lawson on avoiding crowded places and people with known infections to reduce exposure to pathogens.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Maintain proper fluid balance — While maintaining fluid balance is essential, there is no indication in the provided lab values that Mr. Lawson is experiencing a fluid imbalance. Preventing infection takes precedence given his critically low WBC count.

Encourage adequate rest — Rest is important for recovery, but it is not the highest priority. With a WBC count this low, preventing infection is the primary concern to ensure Mr. Lawson’s safety.

Implement strategies to prevent injury — Although preventing injury is often a priority, particularly in patients at risk for bleeding, there is no indication of a bleeding disorder in this case. His hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are within normal range, making infection prevention a higher priority.

EXPLANATION

✔Correct answer:

Altered peripheral tissue perfusion related to venous congestion. The priority nursing diagnosis for a patient with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) is altered peripheral tissue perfusion related to venous congestion. DVT occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs, leading to impaired blood flow and venous congestion. This impaired circulation affects the oxygenation and nourishment of tissues in the affected area, which could lead to complications like tissue ischemia if not managed effectively. Addressing peripheral tissue perfusion is critical to prevent worsening of the clot and potential complications, such as the clot dislodging and traveling to the lungs, which could lead to a life-threatening pulmonary embolism.

In managing a patient with DVT, ensuring adequate tissue perfusion and monitoring for any signs of clot dislodgement or increased congestion is essential to avoid further complications.

Think of blood flow in the veins like traffic on a highway. If a major blockage (blood clot) occurs, it causes a traffic jam (venous congestion), slowing down circulation and creating pressure on the surrounding tissues. Managing tissue perfusion is like directing traffic around the jam to prevent accidents and damage.

Nurses play a critical role in monitoring and managing patients with DVT to prevent complications and promote optimal blood flow.

• Assess for signs of compromised circulation, including changes in skin color, temperature, or sensation in the affected limb.
• Monitor the patient for signs of potential pulmonary embolism (PE), such as sudden chest pain, difficulty breathing, or rapid heart rate.
• Educate the patient to avoid activities that could dislodge the clot, such as massaging the affected leg.
• Administer anticoagulants as prescribed and monitor for signs of bleeding.
• Encourage the use of compression stockings if prescribed, and instruct the patient on proper application to support venous return.

✘Incorrect answer options:

Impaired gas exchange related to increased blood flow. — Impaired gas exchange is not directly associated with DVT in the leg. However, this diagnosis could be relevant if the DVT progresses to a pulmonary embolism, which impacts respiratory function. Since the patient currently has DVT and not a pulmonary embolism, this is not the primary concern.

Fluid volume excess related to peripheral vascular disease. — While DVT may lead to localized edema, it does not typically cause systemic fluid volume excess. Fluid volume excess would more likely be associated with conditions affecting the heart or kidneys, leading to generalized fluid retention rather than localized edema.

Risk for injury related to edema. — Although edema can increase the risk for injury, such as skin breakdown, this is not the most critical priority in DVT management. Addressing altered tissue perfusion and preventing complications like pulmonary embolism takes precedence.