NCLEX- RN Practice Exam 5

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Measure the patient's blood pressure. The first action Nurse Wilson should perform when a patient with a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) complains of dyspnea is to measure the patient's blood pressure. This is a quick and essential assessment that provides immediate information about the patient's hemodynamic status. Blood pressure measurement can indicate if the patient is experiencing hypertension or hypotension, both of which can contribute to dyspnea and signal acute decompensation in CHF. Monitoring vital signs, including blood pressure, is a critical step in the initial evaluation of a patient presenting with respiratory distress.

Imagine you notice a warning light on your car's dashboard indicating a problem with the engine. The first thing you would check is the engine’s temperature gauge to see if it's overheating, as this provides immediate insight into a potential cause. Similarly, measuring blood pressure in a patient with dyspnea gives an immediate understanding of their cardiovascular status.

In patients with CHF, dyspnea can result from fluid overload, poor cardiac output, or pulmonary congestion. Measuring blood pressure helps determine if there is a hemodynamic issue contributing to the patient’s symptoms. Following the initial assessment, further diagnostic tests like blood work, chest x-ray, and ABG analysis may be ordered based on the initial findings to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment. However, prompt assessment of vital signs is paramount to prioritize immediate care needs.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Ask the patient to lie down on the examination table. Asking the patient to lie down may exacerbate dyspnea, especially if they are experiencing orthopnea (difficulty breathing when lying flat), a common symptom in CHF patients. It’s more appropriate to have the patient sit upright to ease breathing.

Draw blood for a chemistry panel and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. While these tests are important for assessing the patient’s overall condition and identifying potential causes of dyspnea, they should be performed after initial vital signs are taken to ensure immediate hemodynamic stability.

Send the patient for a chest x-ray. A chest x-ray is useful for diagnosing underlying issues such as pulmonary congestion or pleural effusion, but it is not the first action. The patient's immediate cardiovascular status needs to be assessed first.

 

References

• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.
• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Reed-Sternberg cells. Reed-Sternberg cells are large, abnormal lymphocytes that are typically found in patients with Hodgkin's disease. These cells have a characteristic appearance with two nuclei that give them an "owl's eye" look. The presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in lymph node biopsy samples is a definitive diagnostic criterion for Hodgkin's lymphoma, distinguishing it from other types of lymphoma and hematological disorders.

Think of Reed-Sternberg cells like the unique fingerprints of Hodgkin's disease. Just as fingerprints are unique identifiers for individuals, Reed-Sternberg cells uniquely identify Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, involves the proliferation of malignant Reed-Sternberg cells, which are believed to originate from B lymphocytes. These cells can be identified using specific staining techniques during histopathological examination, and their presence is crucial for the correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment planning. Early and accurate identification of Reed-Sternberg cells allows for timely initiation of appropriate therapies, improving patient prognosis.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Lymphoblastic cells. Lymphoblastic cells are immature cells that are typically seen in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), not in Hodgkin's disease. These cells indicate a different type of malignancy and are not used in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Gaucher’s cells. Gaucher’s cells are found in Gaucher's disease, a lysosomal storage disorder. These cells are lipid-laden macrophages and are not related to Hodgkin's lymphoma. Their presence indicates a completely different pathological process.

Rieder’s cells. Rieder’s cells are atypical lymphocytes that can be seen in certain types of leukemia and lymphomas but are not specific to Hodgkin's disease. They lack the defining characteristics of Reed-Sternberg cells and therefore are not used for diagnosing Hodgkin's lymphoma.

 

References

• Lewis, S. M., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.
• Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2019). Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Provide a low-bacteria diet. A low-bacteria diet, also known as a neutropenic diet, helps to minimize the risk of infection from food sources. This diet avoids raw or undercooked foods, unpasteurized dairy products, and other potential sources of harmful bacteria that can cause infections in immunocompromised patients.

Use sterile technique when changing dressings. Using sterile technique during dressing changes is crucial to prevent introducing infections, especially in a patient with neutropenia who is highly susceptible to infections. Sterile techniques ensure that no pathogens are introduced into the wound or bloodstream.

Perform meticulous hand washing before providing care. Meticulous hand washing is one of the most effective measures to prevent the spread of infections. It removes potential pathogens that could be transmitted to the immunocompromised patient.

Think of these precautions like putting on protective gear before entering a clean room in a factory. Just as the gear prevents contamination of the environment, these interventions prevent introducing germs to a vulnerable patient.

Patients with neutropenia have a significantly reduced number of neutrophils, making them extremely vulnerable to infections. Protective isolation procedures, including a low-bacteria diet, sterile techniques for invasive procedures, and meticulous hand hygiene, are critical components of infection control strategies. These measures collectively reduce the risk of introducing pathogens and help in maintaining a safe environment for the patient.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Restrict all visitors. Restricting all visitors is overly restrictive and can negatively impact the child’s emotional well-being. Instead, limiting visitors to healthy individuals and ensuring they follow strict hygiene protocols is a more balanced approach.

Encourage eating fresh fruits and vegetables. Encouraging the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is inappropriate in this context, as these foods can harbor bacteria and increase the risk of infection in neutropenic patients. Cooked or canned alternatives are safer options.

Allow fresh-cut flowers in the room if kept in fresh water. Allowing fresh-cut flowers is not advisable, as the water and soil associated with flowers can be sources of bacteria and mold, posing an infection risk to neutropenic patients.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Monitor for signs of spontaneous bleeding. A platelet count of 20,000/microliter is significantly low and places the patient at high risk for spontaneous bleeding. Nurse Hernandez should prioritize monitoring for signs of spontaneous bleeding, which include petechiae, bruising, bleeding gums, nosebleeds, and blood in urine or stool. Immediate recognition and management of bleeding are crucial to prevent serious complications in patients with severe thrombocytopenia.

Think of platelets as the body's "band-aids." With very few "band-aids" available, even a small scratch could lead to excessive bleeding. Monitoring for any signs of bleeding ensures that we can quickly address any issues before they become serious.

Thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, can be caused by various conditions, including bone marrow disorders, certain medications, and chemotherapy. Nursing interventions should focus on preventing bleeding and injury. This includes educating the patient about avoiding activities that could cause trauma, using a soft toothbrush, avoiding sharp objects, and not using medications like aspirin that can exacerbate bleeding tendencies. Regular monitoring and timely intervention can help manage this critical condition effectively.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Limit visitors to family members only. Limiting visitors does not directly address the primary concern of bleeding risk associated with a low platelet count. Infection control is important, but monitoring for bleeding is more critical in this context.

Administer aspirin if the patient has a headache. Aspirin is contraindicated in patients with low platelet counts because it inhibits platelet function and increases the risk of bleeding. Alternative pain management strategies should be used.

Implement immune precautions. Immune precautions are important for patients with compromised immune systems, but they are not the priority intervention for a patient with severe thrombocytopenia. The primary concern is preventing and managing bleeding.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Confusion. Confusion is a symptom Nurse Miller should expect in a patient experiencing cardiogenic shock. Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation. One of the early signs of poor cerebral perfusion is altered mental status, including confusion. This symptom results from the brain receiving insufficient oxygen and nutrients due to the compromised cardiac output.

Imagine a city experiencing a power outage. Key areas like hospitals and traffic lights start malfunctioning due to the lack of electricity (oxygen). Similarly, in cardiogenic shock, the brain, which is a vital organ, doesn't receive enough oxygen, leading to confusion and other signs of altered mental status.

Cardiogenic shock is a critical condition that requires prompt recognition and intervention. Along with confusion, other symptoms include low blood pressure, rapid and weak pulse, cold and clammy skin, and decreased urine output. These manifestations result from the heart's inability to maintain adequate circulation, leading to systemic hypoperfusion. Nurses must monitor vital signs closely, assess for signs of hypoperfusion, and provide appropriate interventions, such as administering medications to support cardiac function and improve tissue perfusion.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

High blood pressure. High blood pressure is not expected in cardiogenic shock. In fact, low blood pressure is a hallmark of the condition due to the heart's failure to pump effectively.

Slow heart rate. A slow heart rate (bradycardia) is not typical of cardiogenic shock. Patients often present with a rapid heart rate (tachycardia) as a compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output.

Bounding pulse. A bounding pulse is not associated with cardiogenic shock. Instead, the pulse is usually weak and rapid due to the reduced cardiac output and decreased blood pressure.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Frequent leg exercises and ambulation are critical components in the care of a patient post-myocardial infarction to prevent the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). When a patient is immobile, blood flow in the veins, particularly in the legs, can slow down, increasing the risk of clot formation. These clots can travel to the lungs and cause a potentially life-threatening pulmonary embolism. By promoting movement and regular muscle contraction through leg exercises and walking, the blood circulation in the legs improves, significantly reducing the risk of DVT.

Think of the veins in your legs as water pipes. If the water (blood) isn’t flowing well, it can start to stagnate and form clogs (clots). Moving your legs is like turning on a pump, keeping the water flowing smoothly and preventing clogs from forming.

The prevention of DVT is a critical aspect of post-myocardial infarction care. Nurses play an essential role in encouraging patients to adhere to prescribed exercise regimens, monitoring for signs of DVT, and educating patients about the importance of mobility. Regular movement helps maintain venous return and reduces the risk of complications associated with prolonged immobility. Early ambulation and leg exercises are effective, non-pharmacological measures to enhance recovery and prevent secondary complications.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Enhances physical fitness and reduces the risk of future heart attacks. While exercise is beneficial for overall cardiovascular health and can reduce the risk of future heart attacks, the primary reason for immediate post-MI leg exercises and ambulation is to prevent DVT.

Prevents the development of bedsores. Preventing bedsores is indeed important, and mobility helps in this regard, but the specific rationale for leg exercises and ambulation post-MI is to prevent DVT, not primarily bedsores.

Prevents constipation. While physical activity can help in preventing constipation by stimulating bowel movements, this is not the primary reason for the prescribed exercise regimen in the context of a patient post-myocardial infarction.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Administer sodium replacements. Administering sodium replacements is incorrect in this situation. The client has hypernatremia, indicated by a serum sodium level of 172 mEq/L (normal range: 135-145 mEq/L). Hypernatremia often results from dehydration, excessive sodium intake, or insufficient water intake. Administering additional sodium would worsen the hypernatremia, potentially leading to severe complications such as cerebral edema and further neurological impairment.

Think of hypernatremia like having too much salt in a pot of soup. Adding more salt would make the soup even saltier and less palatable. Similarly, adding more sodium to someone already with high sodium levels would exacerbate the problem.

The primary goal in managing hypernatremia is to gradually reduce the serum sodium levels through appropriate fluid replacement while monitoring the patient's neurological status and avoiding rapid shifts that could lead to cerebral edema. It is essential to identify and address the underlying cause of hypernatremia, such as dehydration or excessive sodium intake, to prevent recurrence.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Monitor intake and output. Monitoring intake and output is crucial for assessing the patient's fluid balance and ensuring that the interventions to correct hypernatremia are effective.

Monitor vital signs. Monitoring vital signs is essential to assess the patient's overall condition and detect any signs of hemodynamic instability or complications related to hypernatremia.

Increase water intake orally. Increasing water intake orally helps to dilute the serum sodium levels and rehydrate the patient, which is a critical intervention for managing hypernatremia.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Stay with the patient and guide her through slow, deep breathing for relaxation. Staying with the patient and guiding her through slow, deep breathing is an effective way to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. This technique helps to activate the parasympathetic nervous system, which counteracts the body's stress response. Providing emotional support and using relaxation techniques can significantly reduce the patient's fear and anxiety, making the procedure more tolerable.

Think of slow, deep breathing like using a calming app on your phone. Just as the app helps to soothe your mind and reduce stress, deep breathing helps to calm the body and mind, making you feel more at ease.

Guided relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing exercises, have been shown to reduce peri-procedural anxiety and pain perception. By staying with the patient, Nurse Carter provides not only physical presence but also emotional support, which is crucial in managing anxiety. This approach aligns with holistic nursing practices that consider the patient’s emotional and psychological needs alongside their physical health.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Warn the patient to remain very still, as even small movements will increase her pain. While it is important for the patient to remain still during the procedure, this approach can increase anxiety by focusing on the potential for pain and negative outcomes rather than providing comfort and support.

Encourage the patient's family to stay in the room during the procedure. Family presence can be supportive for some patients, but it may increase anxiety for others. The decision should be based on the patient's preference and comfort level. Additionally, it does not directly address the patient’s immediate need for relaxation techniques.

Delay the procedure to allow the patient time to manage her feelings. Delaying the procedure is not practical and can prolong the patient’s anxiety. It is more effective to address the anxiety directly through supportive measures and relaxation techniques.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Excess body weight. Excess body weight is considered a modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Unlike non-modifiable risk factors such as family history, biological sex, and advancing age, excess body weight can be altered through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise. Maintaining a healthy weight helps reduce the strain on the heart and lowers the risk of developing CAD.

Think of your heart as an engine and your body as a car. Carrying excess weight is like overloading the car, making the engine work harder. By shedding the extra weight, you lighten the load on the engine, allowing it to function more efficiently.

In managing CAD, focusing on modifiable risk factors is crucial as these are aspects that individuals can change to improve their heart health. Strategies for managing excess body weight include nutritional counseling, regular physical activity, and behavior modification. Nurses play a pivotal role in educating patients on these strategies and supporting them in implementing changes. By addressing modifiable risk factors, patients can significantly reduce their risk of CAD and improve their overall cardiovascular health.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Family history. Family history is a non-modifiable risk factor. It refers to the genetic predisposition to CAD that a person inherits from their relatives. While it's important to be aware of family history, it cannot be changed.

Biological sex. Biological sex is also a non-modifiable risk factor. Men are generally at higher risk for CAD at an earlier age compared to women, though women’s risk increases and can surpass that of men after menopause.

Advancing age. Advancing age is a non-modifiable risk factor. The risk of developing CAD increases as people get older. While aging cannot be prevented, adopting healthy lifestyle habits can mitigate some of the risks associated with aging.

 

References

• McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). *Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children*. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2017). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Decrease in pain. Furosemide is a loop diuretic commonly used in the management of congestive heart failure (CHF). Its primary action is to promote diuresis, leading to increased urine output. By reducing the volume of fluid in the body, it helps alleviate symptoms of fluid overload such as edema and hypertension. While these outcomes are expected, pain relief is not a direct effect of furosemide. Furosemide does not have analgesic properties, thus a decrease in pain is not an anticipated outcome of its administration.

Imagine you have a sponge soaked with water, representing the body with excess fluid. Furosemide works like squeezing the sponge, expelling the extra water (fluid) and making it lighter (reducing edema and lowering blood pressure). However, it doesn't change the texture of the sponge itself, so it doesn’t relieve pain, just the weight of the water.

In the context of CHF management, the main goals of administering furosemide are to reduce the patient's fluid load, alleviate symptoms related to fluid overload such as edema, and manage blood pressure. Monitoring the patient for increased urine output, reduced edema, and lower blood pressure confirms the therapeutic effectiveness of furosemide. However, if the patient reports pain relief, it is likely due to reduced discomfort from decreased fluid overload rather than a direct pharmacological action of the drug. Nurses should ensure that patients' pain is assessed and managed appropriately using analgesics if needed.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Increased urine output. Increased urine output is a primary and expected outcome of administering furosemide. As a potent diuretic, furosemide prompts the kidneys to excrete more urine, helping to decrease fluid overload in the body.

Reduction in edema. Reduction in edema is another anticipated result of furosemide administration. By promoting diuresis, furosemide helps to eliminate excess fluid that causes swelling in tissues, commonly seen in patients with congestive heart failure.

Lower blood pressure. Lower blood pressure is an expected effect of furosemide due to its diuretic action. By reducing the volume of fluid in the bloodstream, furosemide helps lower the pressure within the blood vessels, beneficial for managing hypertension often associated with CHF.

 

References

• Burchum, J. R., & Rosenthal, L. D. (2019). *Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care*. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2017). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answers:

Presence of facial edema. Facial edema is a specific sign of preeclampsia. Edema, particularly in the face and hands, is indicative of the fluid retention and increased capillary permeability associated with preeclampsia.

Elevated blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure is a hallmark of preeclampsia. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher and/or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher after 20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman.

Think of preeclampsia like a pressure cooker that’s heating up too much (high blood pressure) and starting to leak steam (edema). These signs indicate the cooker (body) needs to be monitored closely to prevent an explosion (severe complications).

Preeclampsia is a complex disorder that involves multiple organ systems. Elevated blood pressure and edema are early indicators that require prompt intervention to prevent progression to severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. Regular monitoring and timely intervention can help manage the condition and reduce risks to both the mother and the fetus.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Negative urinary protein. Negative urinary protein would indicate the absence of proteinuria, which is an important diagnostic criterion for preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is typically associated with proteinuria (≥0.3 grams in a 24-hour urine collection).

Increased respirations. Increased respirations are not a specific sign of preeclampsia. While respiratory changes may occur in severe cases or with complications like pulmonary edema, they are not primary indicators of the condition.

 

References

• Cunningham, F. G., Leveno, K. J., Bloom, S. L., Spong, C. Y., Dashe, J. S., Hoffman, B. L., ... & Sheffield, J. S. (2018). Williams Obstetrics. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Lowdermilk, D. L., Perry, S. E., Cashion, K., & Alden, K. R. (2016). Maternity and Women's Health Care. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Experiencing night sweats and feeling fatigued. Night sweats and fatigue are classic symptoms associated with Hodgkin's disease, also known as Hodgkin's lymphoma. This type of lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes. Patients often present with systemic symptoms known as "B symptoms," which include fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss. Fatigue is also common due to the body’s response to the cancer and its impact on overall health.

Imagine your body is like a factory, and the lymph nodes are the workers. In Hodgkin's disease, some of the workers (lymph nodes) are not working properly and causing the factory to overheat at night (night sweats) and the workers to feel extremely tired (fatigue).

Hodgkin's disease often presents with painless lymphadenopathy, particularly in the cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions. The presence of B symptoms is significant as it indicates a more advanced disease and can affect the staging and treatment plan. Night sweats, fatigue, and unexplained weight loss are indicators of systemic involvement and the body's reaction to the malignancy. Recognizing these symptoms early can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment, improving patient outcomes.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Painful swelling of the neck lymph nodes. Hodgkin's disease typically presents with painless swelling of the lymph nodes. Painful lymph nodes are less characteristic and may suggest an infection or other condition.

Frequent episodes of nausea and vomiting. While nausea and vomiting can occur in cancer patients, they are not primary symptoms of Hodgkin's disease. These symptoms might be secondary to treatment side effects or other gastrointestinal issues.

Significant weight gain. Significant weight gain is not associated with Hodgkin's disease. In fact, unexplained weight loss is one of the B symptoms commonly seen in this condition.

 

References

• Hoffman, R., Benz, E. J., Silberstein, L. E., Heslop, H. E., Weitz, J. I., & Anastasi, J. (2018). *Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice*. Elsevier.
• Hoppe, R. T., Advani, R. H., Ai, W. Z., & Ambinder, R. F. (2017). Hodgkin lymphoma: 2017 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. *American Journal of Hematology*, 92(10), 978-989.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

3-10 years. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most commonly diagnosed in children, with the peak incidence occurring between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. The exact cause of ALL is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve genetic mutations that occur in early lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These mutations can be influenced by various factors, including prenatal exposure to radiation, certain genetic syndromes (like Down syndrome), and possibly infections that affect the immune system. The rapid growth and development of children's bone marrow and immune systems make them more susceptible to these mutations, leading to a higher incidence of ALL in this age group.

Think of ALL as a rare kind of tree that mostly grows in specific climates. Just as this tree is commonly found in certain regions (children), ALL is predominantly diagnosed in younger children, making it a key demographic for this condition.

Understanding the typical age range for diseases like ALL helps nurses provide age-appropriate care and support. Pediatric patients with ALL require specific considerations in treatment, emotional support, and family education. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes, and healthcare providers must be vigilant in recognizing the signs and symptoms of ALL in this age group. The rapid cellular turnover and immature immune systems in young children make them particularly vulnerable to the genetic disruptions that lead to ALL.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

25-35 years. Although ALL can occur in adults, it is significantly less common in this age group compared to children. The majority of ALL cases are diagnosed in younger patients.

45-55 years. This age range is more typical for chronic leukemias and other types of cancers, not ALL. ALL in adults is rare and does not have a peak incidence in this age group.

Over 60 years. While ALL can affect people of any age, it is rare in older adults. Leukemias that are more common in this age group include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

 

References

• Hoffman, R., Benz, E. J., Silberstein, L. E., Heslop, H. E., Weitz, J. I., & Anastasi, J. (2018). *Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice*. Elsevier.
• Pui, C.-H., & Evans, W. E. (2006). Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. *New England Journal of Medicine*, 354(2), 166-178.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Isolation precautions for at least 24 hours after the initiation of antibiotics. Meningococcal meningitis is a highly contagious and serious bacterial infection that requires strict isolation precautions to prevent the spread of the bacteria to others. The recommended practice is to maintain isolation precautions for at least 24 hours after the initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. This timeframe allows the antibiotics to significantly reduce the bacterial load, thereby decreasing the risk of transmission to others.

Think of isolation precautions like putting up a "Do Not Enter" sign on a door for a specific period to ensure no one comes into contact with something potentially harmful. Once it's safe, the sign can be removed.

Meningococcal meningitis can spread through respiratory droplets, making it crucial to implement droplet precautions. These precautions include wearing masks, practicing proper hand hygiene, and using personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect healthcare providers and visitors. After 24 hours of effective antibiotic treatment, the risk of transmission drops significantly, making it safer to discontinue isolation measures.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Enteric precautions. Enteric precautions are used to prevent the spread of infections that are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, such as Clostridium difficile. They are not applicable to meningococcal meningitis, which spreads via respiratory droplets.

Neutropenic precautions. Neutropenic precautions are designed to protect immunocompromised patients from infections due to their weakened immune systems. These precautions are not relevant for preventing the spread of meningococcal meningitis.

No precautions are required as long as antibiotics have been started. This statement is incorrect because isolation precautions are essential to prevent the spread of meningococcal meningitis to others until the antibiotics have had sufficient time (at least 24 hours) to reduce the bacterial load and transmission risk.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Obtaining blood cultures. The presentation of fever, unconsciousness, and a noticeable rash in a young adult raises immediate concern for a serious infection, such as meningococcal meningitis or sepsis. Obtaining blood cultures is crucial as it allows for the identification of the causative pathogen and guides appropriate antibiotic therapy. Prompt initiation of antibiotics based on blood culture results is critical in managing potentially life-threatening infections and improving patient outcomes.

Think of blood cultures like taking a sample of the air in a room to identify if there are any harmful gases. It helps pinpoint the exact type of bacteria or virus causing the illness, so the right "antidote" or treatment can be given.

In cases of suspected sepsis or meningitis, time is of the essence. Blood cultures are typically obtained before starting broad-spectrum antibiotics to ensure accurate identification of the pathogen. This approach helps to tailor antibiotic therapy effectively, ensuring the patient receives the most appropriate treatment. The urgency in obtaining and processing blood cultures stems from the rapid progression of such infections, where delays in treatment can significantly impact morbidity and mortality.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Assessing arterial blood gases. While assessing arterial blood gases can provide valuable information about the patient's respiratory and metabolic status, it is not the immediate priority in this context. The primary concern is identifying and treating the underlying infection.

Performing a blood sugar check. A blood sugar check is important in unconscious patients to rule out hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia as the cause of unconsciousness. However, given the presence of fever and rash, an infectious cause is more likely, making blood cultures a higher priority.

Conducting a CT scan. A CT scan may be necessary if there are signs of neurological impairment or to rule out other causes of unconsciousness. However, it is not the first-line diagnostic tool for an infection suspected based on the presentation of fever and rash.

 

References

• Lewis, S. M., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.
• Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2019). Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

A nurse should stay with the patient for the first 15 minutes of the transfusion. The highest risk for a transfusion reaction occurs within the first 15 minutes of starting the transfusion. During this time, the nurse should stay with the patient to monitor for any signs of an adverse reaction, such as fever, chills, itching, rash, or difficulty breathing. Immediate detection and intervention are crucial to manage any potential complications promptly.

Imagine you are baking a cake and need to keep a close eye on it for the first few minutes to ensure it doesn't burn. Similarly, staying with the patient for the first 15 minutes of a transfusion helps catch any problems early before they become severe.

Transfusion reactions can range from mild to life-threatening. By closely monitoring the patient during the initial phase of the transfusion, the nurse can quickly identify and respond to any signs of a reaction, such as stopping the transfusion, maintaining intravenous access with normal saline, and notifying the physician immediately. This practice ensures patient safety and allows for prompt management of any adverse events.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The risk of a transfusion reaction is highest right after the transfusion ends. This statement is incorrect as the highest risk period for a transfusion reaction is during the first 15 minutes of the transfusion, not after it ends.

PRBCs should be infused slowly using a 20-gauge IV catheter. While it is correct to use an appropriate gauge IV catheter for blood transfusions, the emphasis on the gauge size is not as crucial as monitoring the patient closely during the transfusion. Generally, an 18-20 gauge is preferred, but the exact size may vary based on the patient's condition.

PRBCs must be flushed with a 5% dextrose solution. This statement is incorrect. PRBCs should be flushed with normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) to maintain compatibility and prevent hemolysis. Dextrose solutions can cause red blood cells to clump together or hemolyze.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Show acceptance of feelings. When a family member is not ready to discuss funeral arrangements, it is important to first show acceptance of their feelings. Grieving is a highly personal and emotional process, and the family member may need time to process the loss before they are able to make decisions about funeral arrangements. Acknowledging and accepting their emotions helps to build trust and provides emotional support during a difficult time.

Imagine trying to talk about a big decision right after hearing very sad news. You would want someone to understand your feelings and give you space rather than pushing you to decide immediately.

Grieving individuals may exhibit various emotional responses, including denial, anger, and refusal to discuss certain topics. By showing acceptance, Nurse Thompson can help the family member feel supported and understood, which is crucial in the grieving process. This approach aligns with the principles of patient- and family-centered care, emphasizing empathy, respect, and emotional support.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Provide information needed for decision making. While providing information is important, it should be done when the family member is ready to receive it. Forcing information upon them prematurely can increase stress and hinder the grieving process.

Suggest a referral to a mental health professional. Suggesting a referral may be appropriate later if the family member exhibits prolonged or severe grief responses, but it is not the immediate priority. The focus should be on providing emotional support first.

Remain with the family member without discussing funeral arrangements. While being present is supportive, it is also important to acknowledge and validate the family member’s feelings. Simply remaining without addressing their emotions may not provide the necessary emotional support.

 

References

• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., & Hall, A. (2016). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier.
• Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2018). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Thyroid function tests. The symptoms described—decreased mobility, weight gain, and a preference for warmth—are indicative of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive and does not produce enough thyroid hormones. These hormones are crucial for regulating metabolism, and their deficiency can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and decreased mobility. Thyroid function tests, which typically include measuring levels of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and free Thyroxine (T4), are essential to diagnose hypothyroidism and guide appropriate treatment.

Think of the thyroid gland like a thermostat for your body. If the thermostat is set too low, everything slows down—you feel cold, gain weight, and don't move as much. Checking the thyroid function is like checking if the thermostat is working properly.

Hypothyroidism is particularly common in the elderly population and can present with subtle symptoms that might be mistaken for normal aging processes. Early detection and treatment are vital to improve quality of life and prevent complications such as cardiovascular issues and myxedema coma, a severe form of hypothyroidism.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

FBC (full blood count). While a full blood count can provide valuable information about the patient’s overall health and detect conditions such as anemia or infection, it is not specific for diagnosing hypothyroidism, which is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms.

CT scan. A CT scan can help detect structural abnormalities and other conditions but is not the first-line diagnostic tool for the symptoms described. It is more appropriate for identifying issues like tumors or brain pathologies.

ECG (electrocardiogram). An ECG is useful for diagnosing cardiac issues, which can sometimes be secondary complications of hypothyroidism. However, it does not directly assess thyroid function or explain the primary symptoms of weight gain, decreased mobility, and cold intolerance.

 

References

• Lewis, S. M., Bucher, L., Heitkemper, M. M., & Harding, M. M. (2017). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Elsevier.
• Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2019). Understanding Pathophysiology. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

History of cerebral hemorrhage. A history of cerebral hemorrhage is a significant contraindication for the administration of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). t-PA is a thrombolytic agent used to dissolve blood clots, and its use carries a risk of causing severe bleeding. In patients with a history of cerebral hemorrhage, this risk is particularly high, making the administration of t-PA potentially life-threatening due to the possibility of causing another hemorrhage.

Administering t-PA to a patient with a history of cerebral hemorrhage is like pouring water on a paper that has already been soaked and torn once. The paper (brain) is already fragile from the previous soaking (hemorrhage), and adding more water (t-PA) could easily cause it to disintegrate completely, leading to another tear (hemorrhage).

When evaluating a patient for t-PA therapy, it is crucial to assess for contraindications to prevent severe adverse effects. This involves a detailed medical history and understanding the risks associated with thrombolytic therapy. Other contraindications include recent surgery, active internal bleeding, and known bleeding disorders. Proper screening ensures that the benefits of t-PA outweigh the risks, providing safe and effective care for patients experiencing myocardial infarction.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Worsening chest pain that began earlier in the evening. Worsening chest pain is a symptom of myocardial infarction and is not a contraindication for t-PA. In fact, timely administration of t-PA can be beneficial in relieving chest pain by dissolving the clot causing the heart attack.

History of prior myocardial infarction. A history of prior myocardial infarction is not a contraindication for t-PA. Patients with a history of MI may be at increased risk for another event, and t-PA can be used to treat acute episodes, provided there are no other contraindications.

Hypertension. While hypertension needs to be managed carefully, it is not an absolute contraindication for t-PA. However, severely uncontrolled hypertension may pose an increased risk for bleeding, and blood pressure should be stabilized before administering t-PA if possible.

 

References

• American Heart Association. (2020). *Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care*. Circulation.
• Brunner, L. S., & Suddarth, D. S. (2017). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Wolters Kluwer.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

"We will bring in fresh flowers to brighten the room." Bringing in fresh flowers to a patient who is in the induction phase of leukemia treatment suggests a need for more education about infection precautions. Fresh flowers, plants, and soil can harbor bacteria, fungi, and mold, which can pose a significant infection risk to immunocompromised patients, such as those undergoing intensive leukemia treatment. It is important for family members to understand and adhere to strict infection control measures to protect the patient's health.

Think of the patient's room as a sterile operating room. Just as you wouldn’t bring potentially contaminated items into surgery, you should avoid bringing items like fresh flowers into the patient's environment to prevent infection.

Education for family members should focus on creating a safe environment for the patient by avoiding items that can introduce pathogens. This includes fresh flowers, potted plants, and any other organic materials that could harbor harmful microorganisms. Instead, family members can bring in personal care items, books, magazines, and pictures, which are safe and can help make the patient's stay more comfortable without increasing the risk of infection.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

"We will bring in books and magazines for entertainment." Books and magazines are generally safe and do not pose a significant infection risk, making them appropriate items to bring for entertainment.

"We will bring in personal care items for comfort." Personal care items, such as toiletries and blankets, are also safe and can provide comfort to the patient without increasing the risk of infection, as long as they are clean and used exclusively by the patient.

"We will bring in family pictures and get well cards." Family pictures and get well cards are safe to bring into the patient's room and can provide emotional support and comfort without posing a risk of infection.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

An increase in the hematocrit level. Epoetin (also known as erythropoietin) is a medication used to stimulate the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in patients, particularly those with anemia caused by chemotherapy. When reviewing Mr. Adams' complete blood count (CBC) after administration of Epoetin, Nurse Kelly should expect to see an increase in the hematocrit level. Hematocrit measures the proportion of RBCs in the blood and is a direct indicator of the effectiveness of Epoetin in treating anemia by increasing RBC production.

Imagine a factory that produces balloons (red blood cells). Epoetin acts like an additional workforce, helping the factory produce more balloons. As a result, when you check the warehouse (CBC) later, you’ll see more balloons (higher hematocrit) than before.

Monitoring hematocrit and hemoglobin levels is essential in assessing the response to Epoetin therapy. While it effectively increases RBC production, it's also important to monitor for potential side effects, such as hypertension and thromboembolic events. Ensuring that the patient’s iron stores are adequate is crucial, as iron is necessary for effective erythropoiesis. Nurse Kelly should also educate Mr. Adams about the importance of follow-up blood tests to monitor his response to the therapy and any potential side effects.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

An increase in the neutrophil count. Epoetin primarily stimulates red blood cell production and does not significantly affect neutrophil levels. Neutrophil counts are more related to infections and bone marrow function.

An increase in the platelet count. Epoetin does not directly affect platelet production. Thrombopoietin is the hormone responsible for stimulating platelet production.

An increase in the serum iron level. While iron is necessary for erythropoiesis, Epoetin itself does not increase serum iron levels. Instead, it may lead to increased utilization of iron for RBC production, potentially decreasing serum iron if not adequately supplemented.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The patient should use iron cookware to prepare foods, such as dark green leafy vegetables and legumes, which are high in iron. For a patient with a hemoglobin concentration of 10.8 g/dL following a strict vegetarian diet, it is important to ensure adequate iron intake. While plant-based foods such as dark green leafy vegetables, legumes, and fortified cereals are good sources of non-heme iron, using iron cookware can also help increase the iron content of foods. Cooking acidic foods, like tomatoes, in iron pots can enhance the transfer of iron into the food. Additionally, consuming vitamin C-rich foods with iron-rich meals can improve the absorption of non-heme iron.

Imagine you're trying to fill a bucket with water using a small cup (representing non-heme iron). Using iron cookware is like using a larger cup, allowing more water (iron) to get into the bucket (body) with each scoop, making the process more efficient.

Vegetarians often rely on non-heme iron sources, which are not as easily absorbed by the body as heme iron found in animal products. Strategies to enhance iron absorption include cooking with iron cookware, consuming iron-rich foods, and pairing these foods with vitamin C-rich items. It's also important to avoid consuming tea or coffee with meals, as they contain polyphenols that can inhibit iron absorption.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The diet is providing adequate sources of iron and requires no changes. While the patient may be consuming iron-rich foods, additional measures to enhance iron absorption should be taken to address the borderline hemoglobin level.

The patient should add meat to her diet; a vegetarian diet is not recommended. This advice is not necessary as a well-planned vegetarian diet can provide adequate iron. Encouraging the use of iron-enhancing techniques is more appropriate than suggesting the addition of meat.

A cup of coffee or tea should be added to every meal. Coffee and tea contain compounds that inhibit iron absorption and should not be consumed with meals to ensure optimal iron intake.

 

References

• McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). *Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children*. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

Change gloves immediately after use. For a neutropenic patient, whose immune system is severely compromised, preventing infection is of paramount importance. Changing gloves immediately after use is a critical nursing action to ensure patient safety by preventing the spread of pathogens. Proper hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to minimize the risk of infection in neutropenic patients.

Imagine handling fragile glass items with gloves that get dirty quickly. You would change gloves frequently to avoid transferring dirt and grime to the clean glass. Similarly, in a healthcare setting, changing gloves immediately after use prevents transferring pathogens to the neutropenic patient.

Neutropenic patients are at high risk for infections due to their low neutrophil count. The nurse’s role includes rigorous infection control practices such as frequent handwashing, using and disposing of gloves and masks properly, and ensuring a clean environment. Educating the patient and visitors about infection prevention measures is also essential. Regular assessment for signs of infection and early intervention are key components of care for neutropenic patients.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

Change the disposable mask immediately after use. While changing masks is important, gloves are more frequently in direct contact with the patient and surfaces, posing a higher risk of pathogen transmission. Thus, changing gloves immediately is more critical for infection control.

Limit the amount of patient contact. Limiting patient contact is not necessarily an effective or practical strategy for ensuring safety. Instead, implementing strict infection control practices during patient contact is more appropriate.

Limit conversations with the patient. Limiting conversations is not relevant to infection control and could negatively impact the patient’s psychological well-being. Maintaining communication while adhering to infection control measures is essential.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

“Headaches are a common side effect of nitroglycerin because it causes vasodilation.” Nitroglycerin is a medication used to treat angina by causing vasodilation, which helps to improve blood flow to the heart and reduce chest pain. One of the common side effects of vasodilation is headaches, as the increased blood flow can lead to vascular headaches. This response reassures the patient that the headache is a known and expected side effect of the medication, and they can manage it by taking over-the-counter pain relief if needed and discussing with their doctor if the headaches become severe or persistent.

Imagine opening a valve to increase water flow through a garden hose. The increased pressure can sometimes cause the hose to shake and vibrate, similar to how increased blood flow can cause headaches when blood vessels expand.

Patient education is vital when prescribing medications like nitroglycerin. Patients should be informed about common side effects and how to manage them. Headaches from nitroglycerin are usually transient and can often be managed with simple analgesics. It’s also important to educate the patient on recognizing more severe side effects and when to seek further medical advice. Effective communication and education can improve patient compliance and reduce anxiety related to medication side effects.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

“Stop taking the nitroglycerin and see if the headaches improve.” Stopping the medication without medical advice can lead to uncontrolled angina and increased risk of cardiac events. It is important for the patient to continue taking the medication and manage the side effects appropriately.

“Go to the emergency department to be checked because nitroglycerin can cause bleeding in the brain.” This response is incorrect as nitroglycerin does not typically cause intracranial bleeding. It unnecessarily alarms the patient and does not address the common side effect of headaches.

“The headaches are unlikely to be related to the nitroglycerin, so you should see your doctor for further investigation.” This response is incorrect because headaches are a well-known and common side effect of nitroglycerin. Suggesting they are unrelated can misinform the patient and undermine their trust in the prescribed treatment.

 

References

• Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). *Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing*. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.

EXPLANATION

 

✔Correct answer:

The symptoms may be the result of anemia caused by chemotherapy. Fatigue following activity and difficulty concentrating are common symptoms associated with anemia, a potential side effect of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy can affect the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, leading to a decrease in hemoglobin and, consequently, reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. This can result in fatigue and cognitive difficulties, which align with the patient's reported symptoms.

Imagine trying to run a marathon with fewer runners in a relay team. Each runner has to work harder and gets tired more quickly, leading to slower overall performance. Similarly, with anemia, the body has fewer red blood cells (runners) to deliver oxygen, causing fatigue and difficulty concentrating as the brain and muscles don't get enough oxygen to function optimally.

Anemia is a common complication in patients who have undergone chemotherapy, and it can significantly impact their quality of life. Monitoring hemoglobin levels and assessing for symptoms of anemia are important aspects of follow-up care. Management strategies may include dietary modifications, iron supplements, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, or blood transfusions, depending on the severity of the anemia and the patient's overall condition.

 

✘Incorrect answer options:

The patient may be immunosuppressed. While immunosuppression can occur due to chemotherapy, it primarily increases the risk of infections and is less likely to directly cause fatigue and difficulty concentrating.

The patient may be depressed. Depression can indeed cause fatigue and concentration issues, but the specific mention of these symptoms following activity and during mental tasks is more characteristic of anemia. Depression should still be considered and assessed, but anemia is a more direct explanation given the patient's chemotherapy history.

The patient may be dehydrated. Dehydration can cause fatigue and cognitive difficulties, but these symptoms would typically improve quickly with rehydration. The chronic nature of the patient's symptoms suggests a more persistent underlying cause, such as anemia.

 

References

• McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). *Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children*. Elsevier.
• Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2014). *Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems*. Elsevier.